Health of special populations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health of special populations - Coursework Example However, a key aspect to note is that during these times ethic in medical trials was never observed, especially in America, where the blacks were subjected to these experiments with whites used as the control objects. Despite, the long-term outcome of any medical trial, ethical codes must be established to eliminate torture, humiliation and deaths of the participating individuals. The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment is a traumatizing medical trial that none of institutional review boards can approve in the today’s medical platform. The experiment has been characterized by various aspects of failure to observe the basic and the binding ethics of medical research. The trial aimed at finding the lethality of syphilis in males. This is a sexually transmitted illness that is chronic to individuals contracted by the disease (Darell and Sadaf, 2011). However, Rosenweld Foundation carried out the research using 600 blacks as the participatory objects and 200 whites as the control objects. All the ethical principles of research were debased in this study. For instance, it was based on racial profiling that included the use of low-income with high rates of illiteracy. The principles of beneficence, autonomy, veracity and justice were never observed. Knowingly, the committee withheld the right treatment for syphilis in order to carry on with the study (Darell and Sa daf, 2011). All participants were not allowed to make voluntary decisions in regard to the subject of the study. To cover the situation, the whites steering the study offered free burial services to the deceased members as a false concern. In addition, there was no disclosure of any information regarding the right treatment of syphilis. In regards to this, all the physicians suspected to have information about the treatment of the infection, were not allowed to make any intervention. Lastly, justice was not observed in implementing this medical trial. It was based on

Oppositional Defiance Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oppositional Defiance Disorder - Essay Example The symptoms of Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) are observed in multiple settings with more noticeable actions at school or at home. The rate of ODD found in adolescents and school age children is 1-16 percent. The factors that cause ODD are not known however psychological, social and biological factors can play a role in the development of the disorder. Therefore it is essential to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of a child with ODD symptoms since there are chances that the child may have disorders like learning disability, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders and mood disorders (bipolar disorder, depression). A comprehensive evaluation can diagnose these coexisting disorders that require preliminary treatment before treating the child for ODD (Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder 2009). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of American Psychiatric Association explains oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as a recurrent process of defiant, negativistic, hostile and disobedient behavior exhibited towards authority personality that continues for a minimum period of six months. Some of the behaviors comprise arguing with adults, losing temper, actively resisting requests, purposely annoying people, refusal to obey directions and rules, being touchy, complaining others for the misbehavior and mistakes of the person, spiteful, resentful, easily angered or annoyed or vindictive. Oppositional defiant disorders can be diagnosed in a child when there is a consistent and persistent pattern of hostility and disobedience towards teachers, parents or other adults. Children with ODD show testing limits and stubbornness even their early childhood. The primary behavioral complexity of ODD is the constant pattern of refusal to follow the commands or obey the requests of adults. ODD i s substantiated when problem behaviors take place more recurrently in a child when compared to other children of the same