Prejudice, Prejudice And Prejudice - 1074 Words

These days, there is a marked prejudice against prejudice, and understandably so. More often than not, â€Å"prejudice† refers to an â€Å"antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization.†1 Insofar as prejudice refers to thought or action beclouded by hatred, it warrants condemnation, not defense. However, prejudice also has a broader meaning. According to the Oxford Shorter Dictionary, it is: â€Å"a preconceived opinion; bias unfavorable or favorable.†2 It refers to â€Å"life circumstances† and â€Å"perspective.† Prejudice is any source of judgment whose validity one has not ascertained for oneself. The aspiration to banish prejudice in this broad sense reflects the assumption that rational judgment must be untainted by prejudgments of any kind. This way of thinking about judgment, and the renunciation of fixed ideas it implies, is misguided. Prejudice gives life experiences their subjective meanings. But prejudice can also be both i lluminating and consistent with freedom. The concept of detached judgment (itself a kind of prejudice) was shaped during the Enlightenment (1685-1815). As Hans-Georg Gadamer points out, â€Å"The history of ideas shows that not until the Enlightenment does the concept of prejudice acquire the negative connotation familiar today.†3 The word â€Å"prejudice† actually comes from â€Å"prejudgment,† which means â€Å"[having] either a positive or negative value.† This meaning, he continues, was limited during the Enlightenment â€Å"to the sense of an unfounded judgment† – thatShow MoreRelatedPrejudice1230 Words   |  5 PagesPrejudice Presented By: Nor Anisa Bt. Musa What is Prejudice? * Everyone comes face to face with prejudice at some time or another. * Prejudice is when we recognizethat we feel and act less positively towards others. * The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes. * Prejudice may be perceived as acceptable and justified * All inequality and differential treatment is not perceived and responded to in the same way. The nature and origins of streotypingRead MoreGeneral Conception Of Prejudice And Prejudice919 Words   |  4 PagesThe presence of stereotypes and prejudices existed from a long time ago along with the human history – partially often deeply integrated with religion or social status. In 21st century, people are facing with many different stereotypes and prejudices either directly or indirectly. Stereotype is a generalized belief or assumption towards some specific groups or people by the defined attributes or characteristics. Stereotyping can foster prejudice and shape people’s point of views and behaviors ofRead MorePrejudices: Challenging Level Prejudice2250 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"We are each burdened with prejudice; against the poor or the rich, the smart or the slow, the gaunt or the obese. It is natural to develop prejudices. It is noble to rise above them,† Author Unknown. Unfortunately, throughout history our society has become victim to the upbri nging and menacing of prejudices within. The prejudices that our fellow neighbors endure range from scowling facial expressions to violent hate crimes. As far back as the decades go, prejudice has been an ongoing problemRead MorePrejudice Essay - Prejudice, Shame, And Worthless904 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice Sadness, shame, loneliness, judged, and worthless, these are all feelings that victims feel when prejudice is involved. My brother, Johnny, had never felt any of these emotions before his accident. He is the one, whom everybody wanted to be around. He made everybody laugh, and he was just fun to be around. But things dramatically changed on the day he got into a car accident. He lost his arm. Now everybody looks at him as if he is completely different. Before someone is to be prejudicedRead More Prejudice Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagespaper I was very excited to find someone with a quite interesting and culturally diverse family background that I think would contribute a lot to the topic of prejudice and stereotype. This paper will discuss the views of stereotype and prejudice of my interviewee and also how the two factors have affected her life. Brown (1995) defines prejudice as a negative attitude, emotion, or behavior towards members of a group as a result of their membership o f that group. This negative attitude, emotion, or behaviorRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnalytical Factsheet on Prejudice amp; Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved This essay willRead MorePrejudice in of Mice and Men1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn John Steinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men, there are many example of prejudice. The main types of prejudice shown in this novel are racial, sexual and social prejudice.   This essay is firstly going to look at racial prejudice. There is much racial  prejudice  shown in Of Mice and Men towards  Crooks  the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables with many more possessions than them. This room is made out to be a privilege andRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Discrimination1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Aversive Prejudice/Discrimination All types of prejudice vary in some ways , some people are very blunt and some people merely whisper under their breath or secretly avoid the people they dislike. This falls more in between those line with this being an example of averise racism specifically â€Å" Aversive racists, in contrast, sympathize with victims of past injustice,support principles of racial equality, and genuinely regard themselves as non-prejudiced, but at the same time possess conflictingRead MoreDiscrimination : Prejudice And Discrimination Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 1 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 8 Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Emily B. Hutchins Salem College Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Prejudice and discrimination are two different actions with similar meanings. A person can have prejudice without acting in a discriminatory manner; however, if someone is discriminating against someone, they have prejudices. A prejudice can start from a stereotype andRead MoreSexism And Prejudice And Discrimination1791 Words   |  8 Pageshence I will be focusing on sexism and present the explanations surrounding this prejudice and discrimination. Sexism is discrimination and prejudice against an individual based on their gender and is still widely apparent in society today although has drastically deteriorated in relation to the past. Most research relating to sexism specifically focuses on women as they have been victim to the majority of prejudice essentially due to their lower status compared to men in relation to business, government

Gutenberg s Printing Press And Its Impact On The...

Due to the advancement of printing technology, specifically Gutenberg s printing press around 1450, notated music could be produced at a much higher capacity. The printing of liturgical books, however, did not commence until 1473, but it rapidly increased until Ottaviano Petrucci had printed 59 volumes of sheet music by 1523.1 Nevertheless, the process was slow and tedious. Grout and Palisca note: â€Å"each sheet went through the press three times: once to print the staff lines, another time to print the words, and a third to print the notes. The process was long, difficult and expensive, and some printers soon reduced it to two impressions, one for the words and one for the music.†2 Thus, it would anachronistic to suppose that by acknowledging that publishers of the Middle Ages printed music, they did it in the same way it is done today. Printing did, all things considered, increase the volume of publications, but it was still at a slow rate. This did not, however, hinder the new applications of printed music, but rather gave sheet music new life. Musical pieces could now be produced at higher volumes and spread throughout churches around the world. Printed music, moreover, was cheaper due to the higher quantity available, which enabled amateur and professional musicians alike to, as Grout and Palisca note, â€Å"form vocal, instrumental, and mixed ensembles to perform the available repertory.†3 Furthermore, higher quantities and easier reproduction of printed music ensured itShow MoreRelatedLimitations Of Technology - An Exploration Of The Printing Press Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesLimitations of Technology – An exploration of the printing pre ss Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468)’s printing press was created in the mid-15th century Guttenberg used his moveable type machine to print the first mass produced book- the Gutenberg bible, also known as the 42 line bible, named after the number of lines per column. The publication was printed at the rate of 300 pages per day, an unrealistic quantity during the time of print made possible by his invention. Metal letter forms copied manuscriptRead MoreThe Communication Of Information And The Printing Press1670 Words   |  7 Pagessecular, and from scholarly to popular, has been important to the development of civilization. From hand writing the Bible, to being able to print it in less than a minute, the printing press has truly changed the world. We thank China for the first production of the printing press in the 6th century AD. The printing press has allowed for more ideas to be shared, more widespread knowledge, and entertainment to be expressed. This is definitely one of the greatest inventions of all time. In theRead MoreGutenberg Printing Press And Its Impact On The World1952 Words   |  8 Pagesbad, it owes it to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source†- Mark Twain (qtd. in Childress 122). Johannes Gutenberg created something that would change the world forever, and it would lead the way for many discoveries and inventions in the future. What he created was called the Gutenberg printing press. This invention has proved to be one of the most monumental inventions in history, due to the major impacts left on the world. Originating from Germany, the printing press spread across EuropeRead MoreJohann Gutenberg and the Impact of the Printing Press2679 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Johann Gutenberg and the Impact of the Printing Press† Johann Gutenberg is credited for the invention of the printing press, a monumental advancement in technology that changed the world forever. It has been regarded as, â€Å"one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind.† What was once a tedious process, became a fast, easy, and cheap way to produce great quantities of books. It granted public access to a wealth of knowledge never seen before. Rapid spread of ideas was the catalystRead MoreEssay on Johannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press3418 Words   |  14 PagesJohannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press Between the 13th and 16th centuries we can see the rise of a print-dominated society; a society which moved away from the Churchs monopoly of information that existed until that time. There were many social, economic and political changes. It was not because of the printing press that those changes were brought about, but perhaps they could have not happened so fast without the print. Johann Gutenberg managed to bringRead MoreEvolution of Mass Communications Essay examples1151 Words   |  5 Pageslarge of an impact in the world of communications as the revolution of the Internet. Although the impact has been large, the Internet was certainly not the first to revolutionize communications. When many cities started to arise and become industrial-based, there became a need for more technological advancements. When there was one change in the way of living, a domino effect occurred and many more advancements and developments took place. The mass communications of writing, printing, mass mediaRead MoreSocial Shaping of Technology and Technological Determinism1431 Words   |  6 Pagest Social Context of Society Social Context of Technology – Essay â€Å"Technology is an independent factor impacting on society from outside society† Discuss with reference to both the Technological Determinist and the Social Shaping of Technology perspectives. The power technology obtains is incredible. In recent years it’s advanced greatly and I believe its limits is only our imagination. It is evolving at a quicker rate than ever and its happeningRead MoreSocial Shaping of Technology and Technological Determinism1417 Words   |  6 Pagest Social Context of Society Social Context of Technology – Essay â€Å"Technology is an independent factor impacting on society from outside society† Discuss with reference to both the Technological Determinist and the Social Shaping of Technology perspectives. The power technology obtains is incredible. In recent years it’s advanced greatly and I believe its limits is only our imagination. It is evolving at a quicker rate than ever and its Read MoreWhat Was The Industrial Revolution All About?2281 Words   |  10 Pagesperiod of great change brought on by advancements in technologies and increases in trade, agriculture, mining, manufacturing and population growth. These advancements changed the structure of society at that time and changed the economy, which had been based on the land and manual labour, to an economy based on manufacturing by machines. Before the revolution, people had mainly made a living from working on the land and so they lived in rural areas. New technologies, inventions, methods, ideas and materialsRead MoreInvention of Paper in China5180 Words   |  21 Pagestraditional uses, like the use of paper as clothing. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin of the techno logy of paper and how it has impacted the nation of China. We will examine the culture of China. We will also look at the history of paper itself. We will then determine the impact that paper has had on the culture of China. Lastly, we will look at the moral and ethical impacts that paper has had upon the Chinese. We will begin with an overview of the culture of China. China’s culture

The Capital Structure of an Organisation Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Why is it Important for Companies to Consider Ethics in their Capital Budgeting? 2.Calculate after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital. 3. Calculate the following: (a) Payback period (b) Discounted payback period (c) Net present value (d) Profitability index (e) Internal rate of return (f) Should this project be accepted? (g) If the required rate of return is 20%, should this project be accepted? Answers: A company has to evaluate the list of investments it wishes to undertake and uses capital budgeting techniques like NPV, IRR and payback period to decide on the best and viable investments. However, these methods assess the economic viability of the project and do not take into consideration the social and environmental costs. According to a survey, such costs can range from 5 to 20% of the total activities cost. Therefore in order to enhance a firms competitive position, it is important to incorporate environmental costs into the business strategies. There are two types of costs i.e. internal and external. Internal costs are more tangible and quantifiable like monitoring of hazardous waste, disposal, and treatment of waste water. Whereas external costs are costs imposed by the society on the company and are less quantifiable and include corporate image, environmental fines and penalties, marketable by products, natural resource damage costs etc. Most of the internal costs are consid ered in the project appraisal. And since the external costs do not affect the cash flow directly, they are hardly considered. However, it is very important o factor such costs in the investment appraisal as there is a better assessment of risks and liabilities ensuring future viability of the company. Also the stakeholders get to know about the companys financial health and environmental costs from the companys economic activities. Hence, the business should adopt policies and techniques which can incorporate the internal and external costs. Examples of such techniques are Environmental Impact Assessments, Environmental cost/benefit Analysis, Triple Bottom Line Accounting (Sookram, Kistow, 2012) Treatment of hazardous waste cost is an example of ethical consideration in capital budgeting. 2.The capital structure of the company consists of equity and short term and long term debt. The market value of equity has been considered and the book value of debt has been considered. Equity Debt Market capitalisation $29,10,000 Short term debt $2,39,275 Long term debt $2,18,586 Total $29,10,000 $4,57,861 (Medigard, 2016) Calculation of WACC Cost of Debt Interest expense = $27,407 Total debt = $4, 57,861 Cost of debt = 27407 / 457861 = 5.99% Tax rate = 30% (as seen from annual report) After tax cost of debt = 5.99% * 0.7 = 4.19% Cost of Equity We will calculate the cost of equity using the CAPM model as the company has not paid any dividends in the year 2016. Risk free rate = 2.47% (Bloomberg, 2017) Beta = 3.6 (Financial Times, 2017) Expected market returns = 3.96% (Bloomberg, 2017) Required rate of return = risk free rate + beta (market return risk free rate) = 2.47% + 3.6 (3.96 2.47) = 7.8% WACC Cost Value Weights Weighted cost Debt 4.19% $4,57,861 0.14 0.006 Equity 7.8% $29,10,000 0.86 0.068 $33,67,861 7.3% Hence the WACC for Medigard Ltd. is 7.3%. Currently the company has 7.3% as its cost of capital. In order to lower its cost of capital the company can take the following course of action: a) Increase the debt component currently the company has 86% of capital in the form of equity. The cost of equity is more than the cost of debt. Hence, in order to reduce its WACC, it can increase its debt component to facilitate financial leverage. Like if the company increases the debt to 30% which lowers the equity to 70%, the WACC would be 6.7%. b) Replace part of equity by preferred stock preference capital is less expensive than equity and hence the company can look at replacing some part of equity capital by preference capital. 3.The table of net operating cash flows for the acquisition of new cooling system by Bluegum Enterprise is presented below: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flow from operations $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 Salvage value $13,200 Initial investment -$54,200 Net cash flows -$54,200 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $33,808 Discount factor @15% $1 $0.870 $0.756 $0.658 $0.572 $0.497 Present value of cash flows -$54,200 $17,920 $15,583 $13,550 $11,783 $16,809 a. Payback Period Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 0 -$54,200 -$54,200 1 $20,608 -$33,592 2 $20,608 -$12,984 3 $20,608 $7,624 4 $20,608 $28,232 5 $33,808 $62,040 Payback period = 2 + (12984/20608) = 2.6 years b.Discounted payback period Year Present value of cash flows Cumulative cash flows 0 -$54,200 -$54,200 1 $17,920 -$36,280 2 $15,583 -$20,697 3 $13,550 -$7,147 4 $11,783 $4,635 5 $16,809 $21,444 Discounted payback period = 3 + (7147/11783) = 3.6 years c.NPV = sum of present value of cash flows = $21,443.9 d.Profitability Index = Sum of present value of cash inflows / initial investment = 1.4 e.IRR = 30% f.Yes, the project should be accepted as the NPV is positive. Also other capital budgeting techniques give a favourable result. The IRR is more than the cost of capital, the payback period and discounted payback period is within the life of the project, the profitability index is more than 1. g.If the required rate of return is 20%, the present value of cash flows will change and will be as follows: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Net cash flows -$54,200 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $33,808 Discount factor @20% $1 $0.833 $0.694 $0.579 $0.482 $0.402 Present value of cash flows -$54,200 $17,173 $14,311 $11,926 $9,938 $13,587 NPV = $12735.3 If the required rate of return increases to 20%, the project should still be accepted as the NPV is still positive. Reference Sookram, R., Kistow, B., (2012), Capital Budgeting and Sustainable Enterprises: Ethical Implications, the Journal of Value-Based Leadership, Vol. 5, and No.1 Financial Times, (2017), Equities: Medigard Ltd., accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=MGZ:ASX Bloomberg, (2017), AS51: IND, accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at, https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/AS51:IND Bloomberg, (2017), Australian Rates and Bonds: Government Bond Yields, accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at, https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia Medigard, (2016), Medigard Annual Report, 2016

Psychological Trauma Case Study and Treatment Planning

Synopsis of the Case The case under analysis relates to a young girl named Geraldine Brown, who is an America-African girl aged nine years. The history of Geraldine shows that she has grown up in one of the towns in the United States all her years. She has a sister three weeks old named Jasmine.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their mother, Tanya is the sole breadwinner in the family who works in one of the Information Technologies firm while their father is a local driver with one of the truck companies in the city. Geraldine was very close with her mother and maternal grandmother. Her mother’s relatives would frequently visit. Through an interview, it is revealed that Geraldine is staunch Christian since she was an active member of the local church when her mother was alive. Unlike the mother, her father is an a lcoholic and an abuser of various drugs. This condition made him violent towards Geraldine’s mother, who was frequently abused. However, her father was never violent to her since he provided the needed care. An interview with Geraldine proved that the family has been moving from one place to the other. Whenever settled in one place, her father would always abuse the mother. Reports from the police proved that 911 calls had been received from each house that the family lived meaning that her father’s violent behavior has been consistent. Geraldine’s mother refused to file charges against her husband whenever the police arrived in response to the 911 calls. The father’s behaviour was extremely dangerous to the family since he would even assault the mother when she was pregnant. Three weeks after the mother delivered Jasmine, she was seriously beaten and succumbed to injuries. Geraldine was taken to the care centre specializing in trauma diagnosis for furthe r examination. Before this, a forensic interviewer had extracted some critical information from Geraldine. At the fateful night, Geraldine was sleeping in her room while Jasmine was in a bassinet when she heard a sound of utensils breaking. When she woke up, her parents were fighting while yelling at each other. Geraldine was helpless and she could not control anything, as the yelling went on for hours. At one time, she could not hear any noise and she was optimistic that the fight was over. After a few moments of silence, the screaming went on, but this time it was different since a scary sound was heard. She never attempted to check what was going on since she knew that everything would be fine as usual. Soon after, her parents went in their room and locked the door. While in their room, her parents started quarrelling once more, something that forced her to check what exactly was going on. She was terrified since she feared that her father would see her peeping in the door hole. When her parents were quarrelling and fighting, Jasmine was crying. The mother was trying to calm Jasmine while threatening to call the police.Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this moment, Geraldine thought of calling the police, but she feared her father would notice. She also contemplated notifying the neighbours, but she could not reach them without opening the main door. She convinced herself that the fight would be over and everything would go back to normal. Before she could even return to her bed, she heard a strange yelling from the mother, something that she had never heard before. She was now scared since the mother was crying for help while shouting that she was not ready to die. Her father opened the door she was leaning on. The father seemed tired as if she had done a heavy work. When she opened the door to see where her mother was, she only saw her father, but h er mother was nowhere. She never confronted the father since she knew that she could be injured or even killed. Her father instructed her to go to her bedroom and claimed that a tragic accident had just occurred. The father moved towards the kitchen to wash his bloodied shirt. Geraldine went back to her bedroom, but she returned soon after since she could not hear any noise, apart from that of Jasmine crying. She heard her father talking over the phone saying that something terrible had just happened in the room. Geraldine rushed to her mother’s room to see what had taken place, but she was ordered back to her room. She obeyed her father’s instructions and went back to sleep. After a few minutes, she heard an ambulance siren, with some paramedics. The medics wrapped Jasmine in a blanket and handed her over to Geraldine. The body of her mother was taken away to the morgue, but Geraldine was convinced that her mother would be fine. The police while in handcuffs whisked h er father. Geraldine never believed that her mother would be dead since she was hopeful that God had heard her prayer. She was taken to the neighbour’s house whereby the social worker and one police officer asked her whether they had a relative. She gave them her grandmother’s number, who was called soon after. Geraldine and her young sister were later taken away to the grandmother’s house whereby she was taken to the CAC centre the following day for an interview regarding what she saw that fateful night. She explained that her mother could have been injured accidently or her father could have caused the injury. She not convinced that her mother dead. Geraldine attended her mother’s burial service, but she was not emotional. Her grandmother and godmother are the two legal custodians of the two sisters. The godmother reports that Geraldine is always scared of any noise and seems troubled since she wakes up in the middle of the night while sweating and shak ing. Any time an ambulance passes by, she is anxious. She wants to respond to any phone call hoping that it is her father calling. The grandmother and the godmother are optimistic that Geraldine would be fine in case she is transferred to a different school.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Trauma-Informed Assessment Practitioners in the field of counselling employ a number of trauma treatment models. Trauma-informed assessment means that the role of each actor is important. Therefore, a critical review should be conducted to determine the role of each person as far as managing a traumatic event or situation is concerned. Based on this, it is true that each person has a role to play in initiating trauma-informed practices. To support traumatized children, such as Geraldine, certain terms should be evaluated in detail. Ca regivers and specialized psychologists should change their approach in terms of addressing the problems that traumatized children, such as what Geraldine, went through. For a social worker to execute his or her duty excellently, he or she should understand basic terms such as trauma focused-cognitive behavioural therapy, survival brain, resilience, developmental trauma disorder, and trauma integration. The social worker cannot employ all treatment models in addressing the problems facing the child, but instead he or she should first identify the thing that matters most. This would help him or her deliver the much needed help to a child going through a trauma, such as Geraldine. For the client described in this case, the social worker would have to identify what matters most and go a notch higher to determine the coping abilities of the child. In this case, what Geraldine was exposed to was the source of trauma (Lehmann, 2000). Her current surrounding matters so much since it determi ne her ability to cope. The information gathered through an interview with the client is what would be relied upon in assessing her situation. Violence is the main cause of trauma in children and adolescents because reports from juvenile justice system and child welfare confirm this. Trauma could also be caused by other factors, such as fire and accidents, but violence is the leading cause, particularly in children. When children are exposed to non-violent incidents, such as house fire and car accidents, trauma is not usually screened in them (Openshaw, 2008). Therefore, it is true to argue that experiences matter so much since it affects an individual’s coping ability. For the social worker to identify what Geraldine is going through, the way in which she experiences the event ought to be understood. Resilience research and developmental trauma disorder research are some of the conceptions that support the idea that the way an event or situation is experienced induces trauma to the child. Furthermore, only the child going through trauma is in a position to explain what would be employed effectively to resolve the situation.Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies focusing on resilience claim that not all events or situations believed be to be traumatizing would usually affect individuals (Saxe, 2007). For a relevant treatment plan to be applied in the case, the client must give her views as regards to how she experiences what she is exposed to in her daily life. Research shows that a treatment plan could turn out to be traumatizing in case it is not applied effectively (Osofsky, 2003). Every traumatizing event or situation would have unique conditions that would call for an extra-ordinary treatment plan. A social worker would not assume that all children are traumatized by what they are exposed to in their environment. In case a trauma occurs, the intervention techniques or the treatment plan is not usually similar. In 2005, one of the organizations specializing in child welfare concluded that all efforts channelled towards minimizing trauma in children should be based on certain ideas, strategies and processes, which are meant to of fer security, tone of voice and alternatives to the child. Such treatment plans must always be individualized meaning that the solution should be reached after an extensive consultation with the client. The client should be involved in any process by incorporating his or her views in the development of the plan. The report from the child welfare advised further that trauma services should focus on guaranteeing physical security and emotional safety (Vickerman, Margolin, 2007). These treatment plans should be resilient meaning that they have to be supple and individualized, ethnically competent, and advocate for reverence and dignity. Resilience studies reveal that evaluating the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder is very easy, but the assessment of coping abilities and the processes involved in dealing with trauma is very difficult in children. The ability of a child to cope with the traumatizing event is important in designing a treatment plan. For the case of Geraldine, th e situation ought to be approached from an experience-diagnostic perspective. The treatment plan would be aiming at altering the experience and reducing diagnostic symptoms. Geraldine ought to be given enough time to respond to specific questions that would be very important to designing a treatment plan. Form the interview, only a single statement would be enough to design the plan. Therefore, allowing her to give her views freely would be productive as far as developing a powerful treatment plan is concerned. Throughout the process, culture would be given priority since the designed treatment plan should be responsive to the traditional set of beliefs of the client. Cultural consideration in designing the treatment plays means that the social worker should actually have the capacity to offer trauma-informed assessment effectively. This implies that any treatment plan aimed at resolving the issues facing Geraldine should acknowledge, respect, and integrate the traditions, principle s, and social practices of Geraldine’s current family. The term culture in this context is used to mean the classification of the family’s race and traditions. In the case, it is eminent that Geraldine is from the African race meaning that the designed treatment plan should be consistent with the African culture (Osofsky, 2003). Apart from the race, the processes of designing the plan should comply with the religious beliefs of the client. In the case, Geraldine was a Christian before the traumatizing event occurred meaning that the treatment plan should adhere to this. The family living with the client is not superior in terms of socio-economic status. Moreover, the current family seems to be semi-illiterate hence the treatment plan should be cost-effective and easy to understand. The family should afford it and understand it in detail in case it is to be applied clearly. Culturally competent treatment plan would demand that the values of the grandmother and the godmo ther be respected and be incorporated into the treatment designing process. The cause of trauma should be interpreted from a cultural perspective since not all cultures have a similar definition of traumatizing event. In some cultures, children are informed right away if a traumatizing event takes place. For the case of Geraldine, no one was willing to inform her mainly because of cultural beliefs. In African-American culture, it is usually assumed that traumatizing events, such as death of the loved one, are not revealed to children instantly. Research supports the idea that cultural factors have enormous influence on bio-psychological experiences regarding trauma in children. This implies that the reactions of Geraldine to traumatic stress could be a result of cultural factors. This shows that ethno-cultural aspects, such as religion and family values, play a critical role as far as vulnerability of an individual to traumatic events is concerned. Geraldine could be experiencing an d expressing trauma mainly because of her religious beliefs. The way she would respond to the treatment plan depends on cultural factors. In this regard, the social worker will have a number of roles to play as far as the influence of cultural factors is concerned. The first thing the social worker would do is to recognize cultural disparities in the biased insight of trauma and response. Moreover, the caregiver would need to comprehend the role of values in the understanding of shock and revitalization process. Through this understanding, the social worker would be in a position to assist Geraldine to bring back a sense of security through trust building. To do this effectively, the caregiver is expected to interpret the problem from Geraldine’s cultural perspective. Finally, the social worker will have to work within and through Geraldine’s present family structure in order to encourage expressive and social support. Immediate Treatment Issues for Geraldine The first concept claiming that traumatic experiences are inherently complex applies to the case under study because Geraldine’s case is unique and cannot be compared to that of any other child. The concept suggests that each traumatic event has a different moment, which may vary from threats human life, the physical assault to the witnessing of death. Depending on the type of trauma that the child would be exposed to, he or she may portray different characteristics, ranging from changes in the belief system, reasoning, emotional response and the concern over safety. Based on this, a child would develop a different protective action, depending on the type of the traumatizing event. The views of the child might result to the internal conflicts whereby a child feels confused and helpless. Some would even regret witnessing or going through the traumatizing situation or event while others would simply be angry and guilty. The concept suggests further that previous experiences and developm ental levels influence the response of each child to trauma. For Geraldine, she grew up knowing that the father would always batter her mother. When the traumatizing situation occurred, she could not believe that the simple fight between her parents could cause her mother’s death. The occurrence of other events complicates the trauma since they introduce other layers. The loss of the mother exposed Geraldine to a precarious situation whereby she was forced to depend on other people, even though she was used to them. The fourth concept argues that trauma makes children exhibit certain forms of behaviour that vary in nature, commencement, intensity, regularity, and time. The concept suggests that the pattern and the course of response would definitely depend on the traumatic experience and effects. For Geraldine, social environments made her suffer more because she was used to her father’s violent behaviour. In the case, it is reported that she was always afraid of noise and phone calls thinking that her father was around. Moreover, she became nervous of the siren sound since it was involved in the transfer of her mother’s remains. It is noted that this type of behaviour can degenerate to a serious problem known as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression. These disorders have the ability of disrupting the normal growth of a child. For Geraldine, her growth could be impeded in case a treatment plan is not designed in time. Her functioning in the family, school, and in the community is already disrupted because she does not pay attention to what others tell her. The social worker will have to understand the response of Geraldine to the trauma if a suitable treatment plan is to be generated. This would entail competent assessment of the event, conducting an accurate diagnosis, and intervening effectively. Lastly, the fifth concept discussed would also emerge as an important area of focus when designing a treatment plan for Geraldine. The co ncept underscores the fact that trauma could perhaps affect a child’s sense of protection and safety. Moreover, it can amplify the child’s concerns regarding his or her safety. For the treatment plan to be successful, restoration of confidence and a sense of protection are critical. The plan should aim at making the Geraldine feel at home, accept the past events, and move. The grandmother and the godmother in the case suggest that transferring the Geraldine to a safe place would resolve the issues surrounding her, but the fifth concept suggests that this would simply serve to worsen the situation. Geraldine’s condition is complex since she cannot even differentiate between safe and unsafe place. In fact, this has readjusted her risk-behaviour since she always feels that the father is calling. However, Geraldine would recover fast because the environment she lives in is safe. The situation could be different in case she was living in an unsafe environment. Phase of Treatment According Saxe’s analysis, Geraldine’s case is at the first phase of treatment surviving is the major issue facing the client. Geraldine should be given specific skills that would help her cope with the new environment. The first phase, according to Saxe, aspires to protect Geraldine from intimidating surroundings and hazardous desires that would result to serious disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The treatment plan in the first phase would be seeking to set the stage for interventions in subsequent phases, particularly the second and the third stages, which are concerned with stabilizing the mind of the client and encouraging him or her to endure the pain or loss. Behaviour of Geraldine in the first phase is irregular and highly threatening. In this regard, the best treatment plan should be home-based, as well as community-based. This would help in understanding the home environment in which the child is exposed in while at the same evaluating the degree of danger. The social worker will therefore work with other human services delivery agencies, such as psychiatric units. In this phase, the behaviour of the child is usually impulsive meaning that he or she would do something that is extremely dangerous to her and other members of society. The treatment plan would focus on emotional regulation whereby Geraldine would be given adequate skills on behaviour regulation. The social worker would recommend psychopharmacological intervention whereby the use of drugs would be recommended. Working with Treatment Teams The condition of Geraldine is very complex meaning that a number of professionals would be involved in managing her traumatic condition. The social worker will focus on helping the patient go back to her initial status in terms of behaviour. This means that the caregiver would simply be concerned with the social aspects, such as the behaviour of the child at home, her interaction in school and her relationship with other peers (Crenshaw, 2006). Therefore, the social worker would have the major task of designing a treatment plan that focuses on engaging the behaviour of the client positively. Moreover, the social worker will be trying to stabilize the behaviour of the client, which is currently irregular and unpredictable. This would be accomplished through system advocacy and instilling meaning making skills to the client. The social worker will work with a team of psychologists whose major role would be to develop the emotional skills of the client and build cognitive processes. The psychologist will be concerned with ensuring that the brain of the client functions properly. The doctor on the other hand would be playing a major role of administering drugs on the patient, which would constitute pharmacological treatment. Any defects to the brain or any other central nervous organ would be rectified by the doctor. The social worker will advise the psychologist on the best cult ural practices to employ when counselling the client (Lehmann, 2000). Summary of the Treatment Modules Engagement This treatment plan suggests that many families usually experience problems with the introduction of treatment strategies because of the mistrust. This could be due to cultural barriers or lack of proper time keeping, which discourages the client to continue attending the sessions. This form of treatment is relevant to all families and clients starting the processes of healing. It entails evaluating the capability of the family and dealing with barriers that would interfere with the resolution of the problem. It forms a partnership with the affected family in order to resolve the problem from the family’s perspective (Margolin, Vickerman, 2007). In engaged families or organized families, the treatment plan takes a shorter period while it takes over a month for a disorganized family. For Geraldine’s family, it would take a shorter period since family member s are organized and highly concerned. Stabilization Stabilization is a treatment strategy that entails offering an extensive home-based and school-based treatment, with the main aim of reducing stress and eliminating elements of trauma. This form of treatment is appropriate for Geraldine since she faces a serious risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. The client faces behaviour regularity and environmental instability meaning that stability should be sought first before proceeding to the next level. The treatment plan is usually employed during the initial stages of curing process. However, it can be employed even when the treatment plan is ongoing in case a new crisis that threatens the plan emerges. Services Advocacy This form of treatment entails offering resources to the client, which could help in emotional regulation. This aims at stabilizing the social environment in which the client lives in. The treatment plan aims at finding solutions to the stressors that affect the behav iour of a client. It is usually utilized jointly with other plans, particularly the stabilizing and surviving plans. Core services offered to the client include schooling, fitness, social services, shelter, and migration. Psychopharmacology This treatment plan is applied to children whose traumatic conditions force them to engage in dangerous behaviours that could be harmful to other members of society. It may also include the services of the psychiatrist since the child might sometime be uncontrollable. The use of drugs to control the behaviour of children is usually employed during surviving and stabilizing phases, but is usually discontinued once the client is in a stable condition. Emotional Regulation This form of treatment module is the most important as far as recovery is concerned. It is an office based treatment plan, which assists the parent and the child in mastering strategies of emotional regulation. It is employed at the enduring phase of treatment, even though it migh t as well be employed in the earlier stages. The module is appropriate to children who are unwilling to talk about the traumatizing event. Cognitive processing This module is usually utilized in conjunction with the emotional regulation module. It is applied once the client accepts to discuss the problem without getting emotional. The child is given specific skills that would help him or her talk about the traumatizing event without being distracted (Kaplow, Saxe, Putnam, Pynoos, Lieberman, 2006). The treatment plan is only applicable when the client is in a stable condition emotionally. Meaning Making This module focuses on the future implying that the social worker encourages the family to move on and make some meaning from the traumatizing event. For instance, the family is encouraged to learn a lesson from the event and try as much as possible to prevent the occurrence of the event in the future. The role of the social worker in this plan is minimal since the family learns to l ive without the help of the caregiver. Summary of the Work with the Client An experience with Geraldine was very productive since she was cooperative and willing to share critical information with the social worker. However, the client needed some time to recover from the event before being subjected to the interview. The treatment plan to be developed had to focus on the experiences of the client since the traumatizing event affected her so much. Emotional regulation would be the first treatment plan to be utilized since the client was unable to share information regarding the event without shading tears. Even the grandmother and the godmother were affected too since they could not give any information without crying. Cognitive processing would be the second treatment since the family accepted the situation and was ready to move on. References Crenshaw, A. D. (2006). An interpersonal neurobiological-informed treatment model for childhood traumatic grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 54(1), 319-335. Kaplow, B. J., Saxe, N. G., Putnam, W. F., Pynoos, S. R., Lieberman, F. A. (2006). The long-term consequences of early childhood trauma: a case study and discussion. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 69(2), 362-375. Lehmann, P. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and child witness to mother assault: A summary and review. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(4), 275-306. Margolin, G., Vickerman, A. K. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 38(5), 620-628. Openshaw, L. (2008). Social work in schools: Principles and practice. New York: Guilford Press. Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(1), 161-170 Saxe, R. (2007). Theory of Mind. New York: Taylor Francis Group. Vickerman, A. K., Margolin, G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 38(1), 620-628. This case study on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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