Fast food automation system Essay

As usual large number of people deserves my thanks for the help they provided me for the preparation for this term paper. First of all i would like to thanks my teachers and for their support during the preparation of this topic . I am very thankful for their guidance. I would also like to thank my friends for the encouragement and information about the topic they provided to me during to me during my effort to prepare this topic. INTRODUCTION Fast food automation system is a program based on C language. Generally, in various fast food malls and stores we see a number of workers working there to give different items to people. The head of that particular mall has to give them salaries accordingly. By using this, fast food automation program the problem of workers is reduced and management of money becomes very easy. C is a programming language developed at Bell laboratories of USA in1972. It was designed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie. Possibly C seems so popular because it is reliable, simple and easy to use. Moreover in an industry where newer languages tools and technologies emerge and vanish day in and day out, a language that has survived for more than three decades has to be really good . An opinion that is often heard today is –â€Å"C language has been already superseded by languages like C++, C# and JAVA. This project is a program on fast food automation system using C language. A function is a self contained block of statements enclosed between braces that performs a specific task. It groups a number of repeated statements in a program into a single unit and is identified by a name known as a function name. A program can contain one or more functions, but the main() function must be a part of every program. It is the main() function from which the program’s execution begins. Other additional functions must be subordinate to it and to one another. Every function in C consists of following components: Function definition Function declaration or Function prototype Function call Function definition: It is the part of function where the actual contents of the function are defined. It basically consists of first line which contains data type of the value to returned followed by name of the function and then the arguments enclosed in pair of parantheses. Syntax: Ret_type func_name(data_type par1, data_type par2,†¦.. ) function { header Local variable declaration: statement;

I Have a Dream

First Body Paragraph: Although Dry. Kings speech incorporated all sorts of arguments including equality, empowerment and freedom, Longboats Hughes' poem focuses more on black empowerment. Acknowledging that Negroes were once Kings and Queens in Africa then reminding us that they were also enslaved to build the great pyramids. Hughes creates a relationship through the movement of African Americans throughout history. Specifically examining the incredible contributions African Americans have made not Just to the united States but to the world.Second Body Paragraph: While Longboats Hughes argued for empowerment and enrichment of culture and people, Dry. King demanded equality, freedom and respect. Dry. King refused to stand by and watch his people continue to be mistreated, unfairly Judged, disrespected and overlooked. He not only wrote a compelling argument but he delivered It on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The same Abraham Lincoln that Hughes refers to in his poem. â€Å"l hea rd the singing of Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and Eve seen its muddy blossom turn all gold in the sunset.Third Body Paragraph: Both of these incredibly successful Scholars helped to bring an end to the civil rights movement, passing new constitutional amendments. What I find so surprising is how they both made such an incredible impact with melodic forms of poetry according to the New York Times article written by: Machismo Skating â€Å"Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † Fourth Body Paragraph:With his Improvised riff, Dry. King took a leap Into history, Jumping from prose to poetry, from the podium to the pulpit. HIS voice arced Into an emotional crescendo as he turned from a sobering assessment of current social injustices to a radiant vision of hope -? of what America could be. Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † http://www. Anytime. Com/ 2013/08/28/us/the-lasting-power-of-dry-kings-dream-speech. HTML? I Have a Dream First Body Paragraph: Although Dry. Kings speech incorporated all sorts of arguments including equality, empowerment and freedom, Longboats Hughes' poem focuses more on black empowerment. Acknowledging that Negroes were once Kings and Queens in Africa then reminding us that they were also enslaved to build the great pyramids. Hughes creates a relationship through the movement of African Americans throughout history. Specifically examining the incredible contributions African Americans have made not Just to the united States but to the world.Second Body Paragraph: While Longboats Hughes argued for empowerment and enrichment of culture and people, Dry. King demanded equality, freedom and respect. Dry. King refused to stand by and watch his people continue to be mistreated, unfairly Judged, disrespected and overlooked. He not only wrote a compelling argument but he delivered It on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The same Abraham Lincoln that Hughes refers to in his poem. â€Å"l hea rd the singing of Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and Eve seen its muddy blossom turn all gold in the sunset.Third Body Paragraph: Both of these incredibly successful Scholars helped to bring an end to the civil rights movement, passing new constitutional amendments. What I find so surprising is how they both made such an incredible impact with melodic forms of poetry according to the New York Times article written by: Machismo Skating â€Å"Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † Fourth Body Paragraph:With his Improvised riff, Dry. King took a leap Into history, Jumping from prose to poetry, from the podium to the pulpit. HIS voice arced Into an emotional crescendo as he turned from a sobering assessment of current social injustices to a radiant vision of hope -? of what America could be. Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † http://www. Anytime. Com/ 2013/08/28/us/the-lasting-power-of-dry-kings-dream-speech. HTML? I Have a Dream First Body Paragraph: Although Dry. Kings speech incorporated all sorts of arguments including equality, empowerment and freedom, Longboats Hughes' poem focuses more on black empowerment. Acknowledging that Negroes were once Kings and Queens in Africa then reminding us that they were also enslaved to build the great pyramids. Hughes creates a relationship through the movement of African Americans throughout history. Specifically examining the incredible contributions African Americans have made not Just to the united States but to the world.Second Body Paragraph: While Longboats Hughes argued for empowerment and enrichment of culture and people, Dry. King demanded equality, freedom and respect. Dry. King refused to stand by and watch his people continue to be mistreated, unfairly Judged, disrespected and overlooked. He not only wrote a compelling argument but he delivered It on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The same Abraham Lincoln that Hughes refers to in his poem. â€Å"l hea rd the singing of Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and Eve seen its muddy blossom turn all gold in the sunset.Third Body Paragraph: Both of these incredibly successful Scholars helped to bring an end to the civil rights movement, passing new constitutional amendments. What I find so surprising is how they both made such an incredible impact with melodic forms of poetry according to the New York Times article written by: Machismo Skating â€Å"Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † Fourth Body Paragraph:With his Improvised riff, Dry. King took a leap Into history, Jumping from prose to poetry, from the podium to the pulpit. HIS voice arced Into an emotional crescendo as he turned from a sobering assessment of current social injustices to a radiant vision of hope -? of what America could be. Dry. King pushed the text of his remarks to the side and began an extraordinary improvisation on the dream theme that would become one of the most recognizable refrains in the world. † http://www. Anytime. Com/ 2013/08/28/us/the-lasting-power-of-dry-kings-dream-speech. HTML?

Law of terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Law of terrorism - Essay Example The Terrorism Act 2000 criminalises terrorism while subsequent legislation like Anti-terrorism crime and security Act 2001 counters terrorism through port controls, forfeiture of terrorism linked assets and detention without trial. Intelligence surveillance is essential in protecting civil liberties and curtailing terrorism related activities in the UK. Other policy makers have asserted the intelligence surveillance intrudes the privacy of citizens and undermines democratic values. Surveillance activities entail intercepting communication channels such as telephone conversations, bugging, spying and entry and search missions in private properties. In the case of Malone v. Met Police Commissioner (no.2) (1979) 2 All ER 620, the plaintiff argued that the Crown had no any powers to tap telephones and that he had rights of privacy and confidentiality in respect of the telephone conversations2. However, the court dismissed the plaintiff claims on the basis that no particular privacy right had been infringed without molestation and telephone methods did not infringe any law. The plaintiff further argued that Article 8 of the 1950 Convention had conferred him the rights to privacy and family life. However, the plaintiff appealed the decision of the court in the case of Malone v. ... The new Acts provided the legal framework for surveillance tools and outlawed unlawful interception of telephone communications. However, the Interception of Communications Act 1985, allowed the Secretary of State to issue a warrant for the interception of conversations in furtherance of national security and prevention of serious crimes in the UK. Further, in the case of Halford v. UK (1997) 24 EHRR 523, the court held that citizens expect a reasonable degree of privacy in the workplace4. Accordingly, the UK courts have held that undercover police women cannot obtain incriminating evidence through befriending men who have been accused of murder since it is a violation of Code C of PACE5. The enactment of regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 paved way for the legal framework on interception of communications from suspected terrorists. Part II of the Act deals with covert surveillance and the code of practice during surveillance intelligence gathering. The Act defines the acts of the intelligence officers that can be construed as surveillance and includes the recording, observation, and listening of conversations of the communications. Section 26 of the RIPA ACT outlines the nature of intelligence including the directed intelligence and intrusive intelligence that will occur in private property or vehicle. The RIPA Act 2000 allows the public bodies to intercept telecom communications and use covert intelligence sources in promoting national security. Accordingly, the act allows the intelligence bodies to access decrypted data and conduct mass surveillance on transit data in order to uncover terrorism related activities. The intelligence authorities have the powers to monitor the internet activities and can

Summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Summary of an article - Essay Example The main purpose of the article is to inform and well as generate awareness amongst the parents of the society regarding the negative effects of Disney princesses on the teenage girls of the society. The author has even authored the article to alert the policy makers regarding this prevalent issue within the society. The article has been divided into sections that focus on the issue, research, opponent’s view and refutation of the opponent’s view. The author states that a blogger named Mary Finucane noticed the impact that Disney princesses were having on her own daughter. She states that at a very early age her daughter started getting interested in looking sexy and waiting for her prince. These elements are clearly depicted in Disney serials and movies such as Hannah Montana. For this purpose she started a blog and identified that there were various other parents facing the same problem. The problem is that Finucane identified that the impact of the images of girls depicted in Disney entertainment programs are quite long-term in nature. The initial impact becomes much worse when girls start adopting a lifestyle and pursuit of a body that is unhealthy for them. The author states that the parents are not taking the matter seriously and they state that the changes in the girls are a sign of rise of feminism. The author then focuses on the various studies that have been conducted to verify whether the impact about which Finucane is so worried is actually true or not. The author states that the concern is quite valid because girls who age between 3 to 6 years old and are exposed to Disney channel are quite worried about the body weight and children who are between the age of 14 and 17 are exchanging naked pictures of them with others. The author even states that girls of very young age want to look sexy and each year they are spending around $1.6 million on thing underwear. The author states that several

Executive Brief Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Executive Brief - Article Example owledge for employees requires authoritative; when the goals or aim is majorly focused on increasing the engagement of employees in work calls for the consultative (Langhorne, 2014); while when the aims or goals are spread out and are deeper rooted in the organization it calls for consensual type of decision-making (Langhorne, 2014). Decision-making exhibits itself as a form of communication whereby the manager exercises his power and understanding through he delivery of adequate decision on the best way the company or organization should take therefore if a manger offers a negative decision or communication to the workers it largely affects the organizations trust in his management qualities. When the decision-making qualities are exercised by an individual the chances of the organizations taking unnecessary risks and the likelihood or problems arising is greatly reduced as they present a situation as easy to addressed following what is best need for the company (Langhorne, 2014). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the performance of an organization clearly depends on the decision-making qualities present in the managerial team of an organization that greatly understand the strength of building an organization’s trust (Langhorne,

The New Product Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The New Product Marketing Strategy - Essay Example They are assembled from imported parts from various regions of the world. However, principal design works were done particularly at Sony’s research facilities in Japan. The brand name is not only used in Televisions but also on other products such mobile phones. Sony used Bravia as a brand name to emphasize the quality of their television products that were believed to have a high resolution in the market (Morrison & MacMillan 2007, p. 65). In 2014, the name Bravia evolved from being just a brand name of being a subsidiary of Sony. The mother company Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation based in Japan (Tracy 2014, p. 49). The Corporation is a diversified business with a primary focus on the production of electronics (TV, gaming consoles, refrigerators). It is noted the Bravia has a wide range of television products and other such as accessories, mobile phones, Green TV Sony Bravia Internet T vans Video. Its television products have outstanding features which include: a full HD LED Display (1920 * 1080), X-Reality PRO Picture Engine, Motion flow XR 200, Smart TV with Built-in Wi-Fi, easy Wall mount solution as well as USB Recording and Playback (Morrison & MacMillan 2007, p. 87). The company recently launched a new Bravia TV, namely Android TV which has actually revolutionized the clients viewing experience. Android TV has enhanced pictures, beautiful design, and innovative control. This product has 4K Processor which enable it has stunning picture quality. It has inbuilt precision detail enhancer, precision mapping that let it brings out lifelike colors, as well as dynamic contrast enhancer. As in any business, the success of a particular business lies within the ability of the management to position itself strategically and so establish the products or services being offered (Cavinato & Flynn 2006, 78). Additionally, Arnold

Critically evaluate the religious conflict in Northern Ireland using Essay

Critically evaluate the religious conflict in Northern Ireland using both contemporary and traditional sociological theories. Examine the ways in which the con - Essay Example The popular perception usually centres on such things as gang warfare, tribal disputes, or religious animosity or perhaps even an inclination for straight-forward mindless violence. As is so often the case, this turns out to be, if not completely misguided, at least a gross over-simplification of a complex human phenomenon. One of the main aims of this essay will be to illustrate not just how popular myths as to the causes of the Troubles in Northern Ireland are misconceived, but also how some of the more serious attempts to understand the conflict have suffered from a limited appreciation of the multiple factors involved. In order to pursue this goal, it is first necessary to identify the main historical precursors that led to the conflict and the various strategies that were engaged by way of resolution. We will then be in a better position to assess the different theoretical frameworks that have suggested a way forward and to ascertain how they might be applied to the political reality of Northern Ireland from the perspective of religion and secularisation. Even before England became a Protestant country, its brand of Catholicism was different to that of Ireland. Irish Catholicism was deemed to be idiosyncratic because it followed the northern Celtic tradition. So, though both countries were Catholic, differences had already begun to emerge in their respective religious identities. Henry II of England was the first to invade Ireland gaining control over the region around Dublin but the expansion of English influence did not occur until the 16th century with the reign of Elizabeth I. It was during this period that the Ulster clans allied themselves against the invading army. By the time of Elizabeth, however, England had already left the Roman Catholic Church. The break from Catholicism was essentially political and not doctrinal, the Anglican and Catholic services remaining almost identical. It was only after Henry VIII's death and the accession of Edward VI did the tendency towards Lutheran Protestantism begin. It was also during Eliz abeth's time, in face of the threat from the Catholic Spanish, that English nationalism became wedded to Protestantism. Eventually, Ulster came to be dominated by the English and Irish leaders sought sanctuary in Europe. Their lands were confiscated and given to colonists from England. As English foreign policy had come into conflict with those of Catholic Europe, Ireland became a convenient 'back door' to European enemies. To counter this problem a program of colonial settlement called the Plantation was embarked upon. Although English settlers were at first encouraged, they were reluctant to take up the invitation and it was the Scots from Galloway, who were already accustomed to travelling to Ulster, who took up the challenge. With the arrival of the Scottish Presbyterians, the native Irish were banished to peripheral lands. There was no deliberate policy of populating Ireland with Scottish Presbyterians as, like the Catholics, they were regarded as dissenters by James 1 of England (Clayton 1998). The counties of Antrim and Down, where Presbyterians were most numerous, did not form part of the Plantation but were

Critique of Two Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of Two Articles - Essay Example Studies were cited that reported that immigrants who fail to learn either the English or French language will be three times more likely to report ill health after four years. Among the reason cited were 1)impairing accesss to health services 2) creating economic difficulties and 3) reducing social participation. Despite of its title, the article second titled Chinese language signs is un-Canadian actually pushes forth for the tolerance of the Chinese language in the Canadian society. It argues that language is not the glue that binds the Canadian society but rather, the principles of federalism, democracy, the rule of law and respect for minority. It also persuasively argued that Canada prides itself as a cultural mosaic in the same manner America prides itself as a cultural melting pot. The first article Benefit from a common language: campaign to lmit the proliferation of Chinese signage over English deserves public support makes it argument in emphaiszing the English-language sig n on two points that can easily be pigeon holed because the validity of its argument is a suspect and reminiscent of old persuasions about language which were already considered to be false. First, the argument that English-language signs will reduce the segration effects between the Chinese immigrants and other organs of Canadian society is really a narrow minded persuasion and preposterous because it only limits social and national unity to the proficiency of a certain language. Implementing an English only langauge sign will in fact, discriminate more on the minority that will breed resentment and segregation because it is an act of stripping a particular group of their freedom to express themselves which is one of the enshrined principles of the Canadian Constitution. The intention of reducing segregation between Chinese community and Canadian mainstream society, while good and noble, will in fact be easily defeated by the resentment that a bigoted policy will produce. That inst ead of enabling unity, will in fact create a social volcano of resentment among the minorities. Second, the study that was used to advance the argument and position that changing the signages to English and the mandated increase of the usage of the English language will have a health benefit needs scrutiny. Moreso when it threatened that failure to learn the English language will increase the likelihood of getting sick three times in four years. This method, to a certain extent, is reminiscent of autocratic regimes where governments resort to black mail and intimidation to have its way. It is very un-Canadian and makes the position of mandating English only signage weak when it resorted to a dubious study that threatens. True, being proficient in the English language has economic benefits but it does not mean that it had to be imposed by removing Chinese signages. Because even if it will imposed and those Chinese characters removed, it will still not hasten the learning of the langu age because the participants are unwilling and it takes time to assimilate. Instead of being threatened by those Chinese characters, Canada as a society should pride with the richness and diversity of its cultural society. The other article titled Chinese language signs is un-Canadian also made a reasonable assertion that language is not what would

Religious discrimination in Lebanon Speech or Presentation

Religious discrimination in Lebanon - Speech or Presentation Example However despite the country’s diversity in religious factions, it has not been a beautiful scene in in the country’s development over the years due to discrimination based and biased on religious lines (HRW). The discrimination based on religious factions has been evident in the Lebanese political and social structures of the country. Political landscape carries more weight for wrangles based on the very religious discrimination because every faction wants the bigger piece of the cake of dominance. It can be traced back to the 1860 conflict between Maronites and the Druze to the old Lebanese civil war of 1975-1990 which was as a result of the conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. In the early 19th century around the wake of World War II Lebanese political structure was designed in a way it recognized a historic agreement amongst the Lebanese leaders that political goodwill will be divided according to positions in the governmental structure in agreed fair proportions for the Christians and Muslims (Khalaf 2013, p.43). This particular political concept in the mid-1970s appeared to be losing ground resulting to â€Å"hell breaks loose† a civil war that was seen to be a sort of competition for power between the majority Muslims and the minority ruling Christians. Before the old Lebanese civil war that was in every way a struggle between the Sunni Islam and the Christians was a Druze and Maronite (Christians) conflict (Khalaf 2013, p.65). The conflict happened in the mid 18nth century in the north of Mount Lebanon area entailing the rebellion of Christians Maronites peasants against the Druze lords that spread to the south and as a result more than 20,000 Christians were killed, 370 Christian villages destroyed and a large number of churches destroyed (Sisk 2011, p.109). Maronite peasants were against the heavy taxes and feudal practices

Learning Experiences Essay Example for Free

Learning Experiences Essay The value of education undoubtedly depends on the purpose behind it. Activities also give the child new abilities, and allow him/her to discover abilities never known to have existed before, or strengthen skills that naturally exist in any human being. When a child is born, the child learns by interacting with the world around him/her, and this is the foundation for building the child’s intellectually abilities as well as the child’s personality, emotionally and socially (Mahapatra, 2009). This paper focuses on the learning experiences that a child acquires from various activities, as dictated by the child’s age. In this study, there are 5 age groups that would be considered. The first stage is the stage of ‘younger babies, the ‘older babies,’ the ‘toddler stage,’ the ‘kindy stage,’ and the last stage, the ‘preschoolers. ’ In this paper, the researcher would like to discuss the teaching strategies to be used, including all the considerations to be involved when it comes to teaching organisation. Young babies †¢ Young babies are children whose age is categorized as babies who are of 6 months old from the time when they are born. †¢ During this stage, the baby shall learn basic activities such as learning to sit on his/her own and learning to explore the world using his/her hands. Other senses are also at play since the child is naturally curious about the world and will use his/her sense to learn. At this stage, babies tend to use their mouths as well to explore things, which is why it is important that they be given toys that are not hazardous and will not cause choking. Some toys have been specifically designed for a baby’s learning purpose and these toys are safe to be kept in the mouth. †¢ Activities that can benefit a child’s learning experience can be aided by toys. Learning resources can start with toys that can be placed in the child’s crib, such as colourful mobiles, as well as toys that can be squeezed, such as musical toys. Other toys can be toys that require the child to use his/her body muscles to push and pull, in order to stimulate the child’s grabbing and grasping skills (Henig, 2008). †¢ As a teacher, it is important that the child be given materials to encourage him/her to be aware of his/her senses, what they are for and how to use them. For instance, the child can be given a musical ball, which the child has to squeeze in order for sounds to be heard. †¢ The learning experience of the child can be evaluated by the kinds of toys that stimulates the child’s brain. For instance, the teacher or the caregiver can provide a variety of toys for the child to play with, and depending on what toy the child picks up the most, the teacher can decide what toy appeals more to the child. If the child picks up the musical toy more often, it means that the sound that the ball makes appeals to the child’s senses. Older Babies †¢ Older babies are approximately aged from 6 to 15 months. †¢ At this stage, babies are able to develop their problem solving skills as they continue learning about a variety of new objects. They are also more able to understand people, and at this stage, the child starts to constantly seek for independence, and they try to develop their own self-esteem. Toys are also more played with, since the child starts to learn how to play ‘properly. ’ For instance, when a child is given toy blocks, or toys such as Lego, the child is actually able to build ‘something’ out of these blocks. In addition to this, the child is also more curious, so providing the child with a play area complete with swings, slides and other play structures encourages active play. †¢ Activities that could be advised for a child of this stage could be providing a child with a puzzle to complete. The teacher could provide the child with a cardboard jigsaw puzzle where the child has to form the pieces together in order to make a picture. This activity helps stimulates mind activity in the child, while wooden puzzles also stimulate sensory discrimination as well as the development of the child’s eyes and hands. An environment such as a playground could give the child enough room to set up his/her own dramatic scene, along with his/her own playmates. The teacher can provide the child with materials such as costumes in order for the child to be more creative in role playing. †¢ The teacher’s responsibility at this point is just to observe the child’s activities and not to actually help the child to do the right thing. This way, the child can have more freedom to express himself/ herself. Toddlers †¢ Toddlers are aged from 15 to 36 months. †¢ At this stage, toddlers are fascinated by household objects, the different shapes of objects and their textures. It is also at this stage where the toddler’s motor skills develop at a fast rate, and this is the stage where the greatest changes in a child’s life and the child’s mind happens. Furthermore, the child is able to express himself/herself more (University of Georgia, 2007). †¢ For this stage, the teacher can coordinate an activity that allows the child to use his sense of sound better, while also developing the child’s creativity level at a faster rate. The teacher could create a fun experience for the toddler by allowing the child to use a variety of cooking utensils for the child to play with. Pots, pans, and cans can be used, and the child can be given wooden utensils so he/she can make a personalized instrument and bang the items together to make his/her own rhythm. A rhythm game can also be played where the teacher can play a certain rhythm and have the child copy it and repeat it accordingly (Tomlinson, 2008). †¢ This activity stimulates the child’s response to sounds, and the teacher can begin to teach the child new words such as ‘beat,’ or ‘drum,’ to talk about the activity itself, or the teacher can teach the child descriptive words to allow the child to express his/her feelings while performing the activity. At this stage, the teacher helps the child be more familiar with shapes, textures, smells and even taste. Kindy Stage †¢ This stage is concerned with kids who are aged approximately 36 to 52 months. †¢ This is the kindergarten stage, where the child has begun to talk, sing and dance. This is also the stage where the child is supposed to be taught how to read since the child can already understand some concepts about the world. Children at this stage may start to struggle at first with reading. Therefore it is advised that the teacher or the caregiver read to the child every day. This way, the child can begin to realize that reading is a fun activity, and the child is also able to use his/her imagination as the adult reads to him/her. †¢ Learning how to read starts with a child’s ears. An activity that a teacher can do for the child would be to read a story to the child and to ask the child questions regarding the story. For instance, after reading a story about animals, the teacher can use the help of pictures with animals on them, as well as cards containing the names of these animals. The child’s task is to attach each word card to the picture it corresponds with. †¢ This way, the child is able to be familiarize himself/herself with new vocabulary, new situations and experiences, and the child can even match what he/she learns from reading to what he/she sees, hears, touches, and taste in real life (Cooper Cooper, 2008). Preschoolers †¢ Preschoolers are from the age of 48 to 52 months old. †¢ At this stage, children can recall concepts easier, and also familiar words. They can also understand new words and new concepts better and can understand the meanings of basic words such as ‘over,’ and ‘under’ (Child Development Institute, LLC, 2008). When it comes to mathematical concepts such as addition and subtraction, there exists a pervasive relationship between a child’s understanding and the child’s procedural skills. Procedural knowledge refers to the child’s skills that are required in order to solve mathematical problems. †¢ For this stage, the teacher can do an activity by using materials such as marbles. The teacher can lay out the marbles on the ground and ask the child to count them. The teacher can then take away a number of these marbles and ask the child to count the marbles again. This way, the child can understand the meaning of subtraction, while the teacher can teach addition by adding more marbles to the pile and asking the student to count them. The teacher can first demonstrate how it is done first so that the child can easily follow. †¢ Such an activity helps the child to clearly understand the meaning of both addition and subtraction, as well as helping him/her to recite the numbers more often. This way, the child is also made familiar with more numbers. †¢ The teacher’s duty is to ensure that the child is able to count properly, as well as add properly and subtract properly. Previous stages allowed the child to have the freedom to perform in any way the child wants. At this age, however, the teacher should introduce the child to correct mathematical concepts so the child is able to retain in his/her mind such information (Geary et al. 2000) †¢ Such mathematical drills should be performed time and time again so that the child will not easily forget. The teacher can evaluate the child’s performance by repeating the exercise again and again, giving way for the child to make mistakes. For all the activities mentioned, it would help the teacher as well to use the reward system when a child performs well. This is especially advised for children who may be stubborn and require a little ‘pushing’ in order to perform accordingly or better. It must also be noted that children cannot be expected to learn quickly so the teacher must be patient and should help the child do so (Fendrich et al. 1993) References Child Development Institute, LLC. 2008. Language development in children, on January 15 2009, from http://www. childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development. shtml Cooper, T. Cooper, S. (2009) Teaching reading: Part One, retrieved on January 15 2009 from http://www. teaching-children-to-read. net/ Fendrich, D. W, Healy, A Bourne, L (1993) Mental arithmetic: Training and retention of multiplication skill, Cognitive Psychology Applied, pp. 116-133. Geary, D, Hamson, C Hoard, M (2000) Numerical and arithmetical cognition: A longitudinal study of process and concept deficits in children with learning disability, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, pp. 236-263. Henig, R. (Februaru 17 2008) Taking play seriously, New York Times Magazine, p. 38. Mahapatra, A. (January 11 2009) Activity leads to learning, The Hindu. Tomlinson, P. (2008) Psychological theory and pedagogical effectiveness: The learning promotion potential network, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, pp. 507-526. University of Georgia (2007) Learning and development: infants birth to 12 months. Better Brains for Babies, retrieved January 15, 2009 from http://www. fcs. uga. edu/bbbgeorgia/childDev_00-12. php

Analysis Of Mercadonas Internationalizing Economics Essay

Analysis Of Mercadonas Internationalizing Economics Essay Mercadona is a 100 Spanish-owned Distribution Company within the supermarket segment. It is the largest chain of supermarkets in Spain. The executive President is Juan Roig. They have the SPB ´Ã‚ ´ policy, which means in Spanish Siempre Precios Bajos ´Ã‚ ´ (Always Low Prices). They are able to offer SPB because they buy their products directly from the sources, setting up long-term agreements with manufacturers. This Model is called `The Total Quality Model ´ (Mercadona, 2010). Recent research on retailers (Esade, 2011), shows that Mercadona is the leader in the ranking of house brands that are preferred by the customers. STATEMENT ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL PROFILE: Mercadona has establishments in many cities in Spain but has no presence overseas. In spite of the crisis, the profits of Mercadona are still growing, and they are strong enough to start internationalizing. Mercadona has increased its turnover an 8% up on the previous year and grew 4% in sales per floor area. It is possible to continue advancing and growing, even in the highly adverse times we are living in ´Ã‚ ´ (Juan Roig, Annual Report 2012). The process of internationalization of the leader supermarket network in Spain started a few years ago. Applying a strategy is very difficult and requires studies of the different target markets. Mercadona is a LSE (Large Scale Enterprises according to the EU definition) with more than 250 employees. LSEs characteristics (Sirkeci and Cawley 2012, p.5) are mainly risk-averse, focus on long-term opportunities, capacity to take advantages of economies of scales and scope and use advanced techniques for finding information. RATIONALE FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION: According to Svend Hollensen (2007, p.5), international expansion provides new and potentially more profitable markets; helps increase the firm ´s competitiveness; and facilitates access to new product ideas, manufacturing innovation and the latest technology. Mercadona is a mature and potentially global firm which capability to internationalize. It is prepared for globalization, basing in the nine strategic windows of Solberg (1997). (See appendix 2) ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TARGET MARKETS: To decide the target market is important to consider the geographic the physic and the cultural distance (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 cited in Hollense, S, 2007, p.244). According to the geographic distance, the nearest markets are Portugal, Morocco, Italy and France (Brief summary in appendix 3). Analyzing the physic distance, Italy is the nearest one because the culture is very similar. Portugal is also very similar, but is geographically so near than before or after, Mercadona will have presence there and it is not necessary to study the market. Analyzing Morocco is also very similar but the religion is different and this factor may difficult the expansion. France is discarded based on the physic distance and the competitive rivalry. We just have Italy, and according to Mercadona ´s characteristics this is the most interesting country (El Confidential, 2012), a very close country psychologically and geographically. The protectionist regulation could be avoided by acquiring a super market chain of the country. Mercadona has a group there, directed by Francisco Espert, which is managing purchases from suppliers and studying the characteristics of the local sector of distribution (Carlos Herranz, 2012). Mercadona is trying to find the best partner for the internationalization, maybe acquiring Esselunga ´Ã‚ ´ (A. Caparà ³s, 2006) which is very similar as Mercadona. But is so much similar that would be very difficult to change the present culture. (add other approaches to analyse the target markets) ANALYSIS OF THE CHOSEN TARGET MARKET- ITALY: Italian retail market has several key characteristics are for example highly fragmented and a limited international presence (see appendix 3). Recent research on Italy ´s Grocery (Euromonitor, 2012), grocery retailers had seen their sales increasing by 1% to 122à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ billion in 2011, although grocery retailing stores sales are expected to decline slightly over the forecast period. In spite of the financial crisis, Italy is maintaining as one of the biggest economies in the world and it is consider as a country with high standards for business, investments and trade. Mercadona, if internationalize in Italy, would be on the Northern Italy, in which the population is higher, most of the between 15 and 64 years old, that are the commonly customers in grocery. According to the political and legal factors, Italy has a stable government and nowadays they are removing several bottlenecks to facilitate bureaucratic burdens on citizens and SMEs. Finally, the technology in Italy is developed. Carrefour has self-scanning and self-payment machines, Esselunga was the first Italian supermarket chain in introducing online shopping and Coop uses ZBD ´s epaper. Mercadona will not have problems in introducing its technology in Italy. A deeply analysis of the economy, demography, politic and legal factors and technology is available in appendix 4. COMPETITORS ANALYSIS: If Mercadona decide to internationalize in Italy, It would have to compete with big retailers, like Carrefour and Auchan, and local leaders such as Coop, Conad, Esselunga y Selex. According to Graziella Ascenzi (Expansion, 2012), the Italian retailing market is very fragmented between small and big firms, with regional differences based not only in gastronomy traditions but also on households income. In the north of Italy (Target Market) there are many competitors for Mercadona. Detailed regional ´s competitors research and competitor ´s company descriptions are available in appendix 5. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS: Customers in Mercadona are known as the bosses ´Ã‚ ´ (Mercadona, 2011).Demand is driven by consumer income and demographic trends. In Italy consumers are being more interested in private labels and cut-price promotions. (Grocery Retailers in Italy, 2012). Italian consumers are moving away from expensive expenses and looking for discounted prices. This could be a competitive advantage for Mercadona, whose prices are low. Supermarket retailers have increased the private label range which helps Mercadona to introduce its house brands. Moreover, Mercadona ´s supermarkets have an average retail area of between 1300 and 1500 square meters (Mercadona, 2012), and as it is said in the research, hypermarkets with a selling space of 4,500 square meters appears to struggle to remain attractive and customers are moving towards those supermarkets bigger than 1,200 sp. meters which are often placed in more reachable areas. Here we could consider another advantage for Mercadona ´s strategy. More information is detailed in appendix 6. POTENTIAL POSITIONING: Mercadona has low prices (according to their policy SPB ´Ã‚ ´) and high quality. The main competitor in Italy (Esselunga) is situated very near so it could be more difficult for Mercadona to set up their business, but it is easier for them to face the situation with their `Total Quality Model ´. RECOMMENDATION: In my opinion, Mercadona should internationalize, starting in Italy with which Spain has very similar culture (Mediterranean Food, for example) and geographically is near too. According to a recent research in the Wall Street Journal (see appendix 7), it is strong enough to face the internationalization and the potential competitors that will have. A method could be buying a grocery retailer in the target market and learn of it before the establishment of their own brand. APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1: The company employs over 70,000 people, all of them with permanent contracts. Their goal is to satisfy the daily food , cleaning, hygiene and pet care needs of the more than 4.6 million households that do their grocery shopping at Mercadona every day ´Ã‚ ´. (Mercadona, 2012). It has establishments in 46 provinces in Spain in 15 Autonomous Communities and represents a 13.5% share of Spains total food retail space while contributing to the dynamics of the commercial environments in which they are located. The Total Quality model had been a success in terms of company growth and profitability, sustained by the success of Mercadona ´s high investments in employee training and satisfaction (Mercadona, 2010). SOURCE: adapted from Mercadona ´s Annual Report ´Ã‚ ´ (2011) Mercadona is also well-know because of the good quality of their house brands as for example Hacendado ´Ã‚ ´ that is used for food, Bosque Verde ´Ã‚ ´ used for cleaning products or Deliplus ´Ã‚ ´ for hygiene products. They buy products from a manufacturer and put their own name on the products. SOURCE: adapted from Mercadona ´s Annual Report ´Ã‚ ´ (2011) APPENDIX 2: Source: Adapted from Solberg (2007) Solberg (1997) discusses the conditions under which a company should `stay at home ´ or `strengthen the global position ´ as two extremes. (Hollensen, S, 2007). Mercadona is situated in the window number 6, mature according to the preparedness for internationalization (growth, profit and good basis for dominating the international markets) and potentially global according to the industry globalism (which is determinate by the international marketing environment). APPENDIX 3: The Italian retail market has several key characteristics. It is highly fragmented; The top 10 retailers have generated only 20% of retail sales in 2008 compared to 29% in Spain 43% in the UK. International retailers have a limited presence, although Carrefour, Auchan and Spar have all gained a place within the top 10.  Internet retailing is growing too, but has less presence than in other West European markets, accounting 2% of sales in 2008 in contrast to an average of 5% for the region as a whole (Euromonitor, 2009). Mercadona has a website in which you can buy your grocery and then that will be sent to your home. This could increase the internet retailing in Italy. Cuota+obj+Mercadona APPENDIX 4: ECONOMY: The Italy Economy is one of the most developed with a per capita GDP higher than the EU average (Economy Watch, 2010). Most of the Economy is based in the tourism; because it is the world ´s fifth most visited country in the world due to its history and culture. Because if the crisis the rate of unemployed has been on the rise in the past few years with levels of 8,4% (OCDE, 2010) with a labour force of 25,05 million (International Living, 2012). According with the World Bank, Italy has been categorizes as a country with high standards for business, investments and trade. In 2012, Italy ´s GDP was US$ 1.771,14 a bit lower than past years but it is remained one of the biggest economies in the world during the financial crisis. DEMOGRAPHY: Italy currently has the forth-largest population in the Europe Union and the 23rd-largest population worldwide (Demography in Italy, 2012). The highest density is in the Northern Italy. Milan is the most populated city in Italy with 7.4 million of citizens. About 69% of the population is between 15 and 64 years old (This range of years is the one that buy the most). 98,4% of the population is able either to read or to write. There are different religions, predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community. (Kmike, 2012) POLITICAL AND LEGAL FACTORS: Italy has been a democracy since the end of World War II. It is a republic in which the president is elected by popular vote. Italy has a  bicameral  legislature consisting of a 315-member Senate and a 630-member Chamber of Deputies. Taxation in Italy is quite a complicated issue because there are numerous taxes that each citizen has to pay. Moreover taxation is high, representing 43.3 percent of the GDP. However, the number and quality of the public services are some justification for high taxes, and measures to simplify the tax system have been introduced since 1998.  Income tax  accounts for 34.9 percent of total tax revenues, while  value-added tax  (VAT) contributes 35.4 percent. In addition, local governments  levy  other  indirect taxes. (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2010) For a long time, larger chains were discouraged by the difficulty of gaining planning permission for larger format stores, but this has become easier since the reduction of planning guidelines in 1998 (Euromonitor, 2009). The current administration has removed several regulatory bottlenecks to economic activity which could increase GDP growth by around 0.3%-0.4% per year over a decade, easing bureaucratic burdens on citizens and SMEs (OCDE, 2012). TECHNOLOGY: Mercadona does not skimp in technology and it was the retailer in Spain using the scan barcodes and it owns automated logistics warehouses just outside Madrid (Computers monitor deliveries from suppliers and organise shipments to stores). Mercadona also has online shopping available at their website. In Italy, competitors use technology too. For example, Carrefour has self-scanning and self-payment machines, Esselunga Sharpens its Pricing Strategy with Oracle ® Retail Planning Platform and it was also the first supermarket to introduce the online shopping (Oracle, 2012), and Coop has introduced de ZBD ´s epaper reflecting the technological style ´ of their shops (Retail Systems, 2010). APPENDIX 5: Mercadona ´s competitors are detailed here for the different parts of Northern Italy: In Lombardy, the market is dominated by Esselunga with a 27,7% of the market share, followed by Carrefour and Auchan (10%) andCoop (8%). In Veneto, Selex is the leader with a 33,3% of the share. Far away it is followed by Despar (10,9%) and Coop (9,5%). In Piedmont Carrefour is the first supermarket with a share of 20%, in second position is Coop (18,7%) and with a 12,6% of the share it is Selex. In Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Coop controlled the 27,9% of the grocery, followed by Despar (23,3%) and Selex (10,6%). In Trentino-Alto Adige Agorà ¡, Despar and Coop covered respectively a 31,4%, 24,5% and 22,3% of the share. Finally, in Valle d ´Aosta the C3 group owners a 39,7 per cent of the market followed by Carrefour with a 27,5% and Conad with a 17,1%. COOP: Their vision is Together to the top. It motivates them to do our very best in every way, each day. Their corporate profile expresses how they perceive their work: close, diverse, distinctive, innovative and partnership-oriented. (Coop, 2012) leitbild_pyramide-en ESSELUNGA: Esselunga is a leading Italian grocery store chain, with supermarkets and hypermarkets in northern Italy. The Italian grocery chain has long been rumoured to be a takeover target of foreign retailers because it operates in some of the richest regions in Italy. The company has been busy opening new stores and remodelling existing locations. Founded in 1957,  Esselunga is owned by Supermarkets Italiani S.p.A., and controlled by its  founder and Chairman Bernardo Caprotti and  family.  (Hoovers, 2012) CARREFOUR: Over the past 40 years, the Carrefour group has grown to become one of the worlds leading distribution groups. The worlds second-largest retailer and the largest in Europe, the group currently operates four grocery store formats: hypermarkets, supermarkets, cash carry and convenience stores. The Carrefour group currently has over 9,500 stores, either company-operated or franchises. Carrefour ´s three values are: Committed, Caring and Positive that bring them closer to their customers and consumers and reflect their personality. (Carrefour, 2012) In the figure they are briefly explained the five forces of the Porter Model that could be related with Mercadona. APPENDIX 6: In Mercadona, the customers are referred as The bosses ´Ã‚ ´. The Italian consumption has raised 1,6 percent year to patterns seen before 2007. But the spending is falling down (In 2008-2009 it decreased until 1999 levels) because of the recession. Spending less on vacations, food and clothing have brought overall spending to the levels seen in 1999. The Euro zone ´s third largest economy is recovering from its post-war recession. (Deepa, B. 2011)

lupus :: essays research papers

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, usually life-long, potentially fatal autoimmune disease characterized by unpredictable exacerbations and remissions with protean clinical manifestations. In SLE there is a predilection for clinical involvement of the joints, skin, kidney, brain, serosa, lug, heart and gastrointestinal tract. Women and minorities are disproportionately affected and SLE is most common in women of child-bearing age although it has ben reported in both extremes of life (e.g. diagnosed in infants and in the tenth decade of life). The prevalence in the Unites States had been estimated as approximately 500,000 but a recent telephone survey commissioned by the Lupus Foundation of America suggested a prevalence of as many as 2,000,000. A recent study identified a prevalence of 500 per 100,000 (1:200) in women residing in the area surrounding Birmingham, Alabama. The prognosis for patients with SLE has greatly improved over the last few decades with at least 80-90% of all patients surviving ten years. Thereafter life expectancy approximates that of age matched controls. This improvement reflects the general advancements in health care (i.e. dialysis, antibiotics, antihypertensives, newer immunosuppressives with more favorable efficacy to toxicity ration) but also the specialized care available for patients with SLE. SLE is a complex disorder affecting a predominately young population and shares similarities with HIV infection as regards the propensity for multiple organ involvement, potentially life-threatening episodes, and need for sophisticated monitoring. Patients with SLE are appropriate for a Center of Excellence since medical care by experienced clinicians with access to state of the art diagnostic and therapeutic measures will result in improved outcomes and the most cost-effective utilization of resources. Expert care of patients with SLE will lead to fewer hospitalizations secondary to uncontrolled disease exacerbation, less severe renal disease with fewer patients experiencing end stage renal disease requiring chronic dialysis, fewer episodes of avascular necrosis requiring total joint replacement, and less severe osteoporosis and fractures.

Vague Descriptions in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay examples

Vague Descriptions in Heart of Darkness       A dark, unfamiliar setting and a suspenseful plot give Heart of Darkness the characteristics of a good novel, but what really stands out is Conrad's writing. The story is full of vague imagery and descriptions that the reader must contemplate in order to fully understand. Writing so vividly was an impressive feat for Conrad, who was actually not a native English speaker. (Dintenfass) His style includes a great deal of subtlety and complexity. Although it may seem as if Conrad was trying to confuse the reader, his actual goal was to create a work of art, rather that just a novel. Several critics have put down Conrad's work because his writing is so vague; they claim that it lacks order and clarity. Conrad occasionally wrote back to these critics and explained why he chose to construct his stories in such a vague manner. Says Professor Mark Dintenfass, commenting on Conrad's own opinion about his writing: "For Conrad then, as for most modern artists, the world as we experience it is not the sort of place that can be reduced to a se...

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer Crime Advances in telecommunications and in computer technology have brought us to the information revolution. The rapid advancement of the telephone, cable, satellite and computer networks, combined with the help of technological breakthroughs in computer processing speed, and information storage, has lead us to the latest revolution, and also the newest style of crime, "computer crime". The following information will provide you with evidence that without reasonable doubt, computer crime is on the increase in the following areas: hackers, hardware theft, software piracy and the information highway. This information is gathered from expert sources such as researchers, journalists, and others involved in the field. Computer crimes are often heard a lot about in the news. When you ask someone why he/she robbed banks, they world replied, "Because that's where the money is." Today's criminals have learned where the money is. Instead of settling for a few thousand dollars in a bank robbery, those with enough computer knowledge can walk away from a computer crime with many millions. The National Computer Crimes Squad estimates that between 85 and 97 percent of computer crimes are not even detected. Fewer than 10 percent of all computer crimes are reported this is mainly because organizations fear that their employees, clients, and stockholders will lose faith in them if they admit that their computers have been attacked. And few of the crimes that are reported are ever solved. Hacking was once a term that was used to describe someone with a great deal of knowledge with computers. Since then the definition has seriously changed. In every neighborhood there are criminals, so you could say that hackers are the criminals of the computers around us. There has been a great increase in the number of computer break-ins since the Internet became popular. How serious is hacking? In 1989, the Computer Emergency Response Team, a organization that monitors computer security issues in North America said that they had 132 cases involving computer break-ins. In 1994 alone they had some 2,341 cases, that's almost an 1800% increase in just 5 years. An example is 31 year old computer expert Kevin Mitnick that was arrested by the FBI for stealing more then $1 million worth in data and about 20,000 credit card numbers through the Internet. In Vancouver, the RCMP have arrested a teenager with breaking into a university computer network. There have been many cases of computer hacking, another one took place here in Toronto, when Adam Shiffman was charged with nine counts of fraudulent use of computers and eleven counts of mischief to data, this all carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in jail.

Companies and the education Essay

It is no denying the fact that globalization is evil, in the real sense of the word, for countries like India, Pakistan and many other developing countries. Globalization is good among the developed countries- like America, Canada, Europe etc. because here the competition is on equal terms. Globalization is also fair among the developing countries, like India, Pakistan etc. But it cannot be said that globalization or competition is fair and on equal terms between developed countries on the one hand and the developing countries on the other hand. It does not make sense that Pakistan will be able to compete on equal level with America. The outcome of this competition can be forecasted easily i. e. all the benefits will definitely go in the pockets of the multinationals of the developed world and the developing ones will suffer greatly in this bargain. It can be said that globalization is a modern method of enslaving the third world countries. In the name of globalization the Western world is dictating the developing countries to open their markets and reduce expenses on social causes, the likes of education and health, while on the other hand the developed countries themselves are subsidizing their farmers, multinational companies and the education. This kind of globalization does not make any sense. But yes it can be called as Westernization. Globalization is the modern face of colonization. In globalization the poor and developing countries are to provide cheap raw materials for the developed world in return for expensive manufactured goods. Thus the developing countries will never be able to produce goods as cheap goods as the all-pervasive multinationals will be producing. They will just provide cheap labor. The supporters of globalization say that globalization has actually decreased the global poverty. They say that no doubt most countries have seen lower income growth but the world’s two largest countries china and India have experienced the opposite. They also say that it is only those countries that increasingly integrate them with the world economy that have managed to grow fastest and reduce poverty the most. Thus it is suggested by them that only those countries who open themselves very much to the world can be benefited in this bargain. Now let us check these arguments of the supporters of the globalization. â€Å"Economists agonize about capital flows but often overlooks the social disruptions, cultural clashes and political changes that globalization brings. † (Mott. 2004. p. 33) It is no doubt that exports and foreign investment played integral role in China’s development. China is able to buy the capital equipments and the other modern tools for its modernization by selling its home-made products in the length and breathe of the world. The managerial and technical expertise of china is also increased by the increase in foreign investment. Now take a close look and we discover that china’s economic policies violated almost all the rules and regulations according to which the supporters of globalization want to play their game. China joined the World Trade Organization only a year or two back and they also did not liberalize their trade policies to a great extent. Their economic policies are the most protected policies in the world. China opens its financial markets to the world just a little time back. Chinese know that the solutions to their problems must be the one suitable to the local conditions. Thus they developed and progress immensely not by following the hard and fast rules of globalization but by will, dedication and nicely built policies suitable to the local environment. On the other hand many countries that open themselves up to the world without taking care of the local demands and conditions suffer financially and functionally. For example, Latin America followed the principles of globalization with great zeal and gusto in the 1990sis suffering from increasing inequality, low economic growth rates, and heightened.

Impact of drugs on the social view of health

Stress Is a major Issue amongst teenagers and this can be caused by a variety of Issues but today, I will be talking about drug abuse amongst teenagers. Firstly, stress Is the body's reaction to any sort of pressure. Chemicals are released into the blood and these chemicals give the body more energy and strength (Helped. Org (2014)). Drug abuse is the dependence by teens to illegal substances which can lead to stress and can affect many different aspects of a teenager's life such as physical, emotional and social health aspects.This usually happens at the time of when teenagers are shifting from dependence to independence. However, in building a supportive environment with friends, family and outside organizations will aid in the development of knowledge and personal skills that will increase people's abilities to deal with and overcome stress related to substance abuse. Drug abuse is a stress related Issue which can have an impact on any environment; on peers In school as well as th e environment In a teenager's house. They have an Impact not only on the user but on their surroundings.Firstly, taking drugs can have many stressful side effects as It may damage relationships at home and with friends, leisure as well as the performance in school. In families, the parents may be very attentive with the child which is involved with drugs, forgetting their other siblings and putting stress on them. But drugs do not only affect social health as well as physical health; Heavy use of some drugs can damage organs and lead to illness and sharing needles to inject drugs can transfer serious diseases.Physical damage can also lead to further stress being implemented on the person taking drugs, as well as those who are willing to help or provide support (National Drugs Campaign, (2014)). Over the last 30 years there have been various fluctuations In data relating to drug usage. Drug abuse amongst teens had Its major start earlier In the ass's, where 42% of teens were Involved with drugs; this declined In the ass's, as 34% of Australians had admitted to smoking marijuana.The percentage of teens Involved with drugs has gone from 38% to 20% and the percentage of other drugs such as inhalants, LSI and for the first time cocaine, had declined in 1999. (Gallup, l. (2002)). To obtain recent data, a survey has been conducted amongst several teenagers in Helplessness High to determine the extent of drug usage. It has been demonstrated that half of the students either have experienced drugs or know someone who has, and 80% of the eons that were surveyed find that drugs are a cause of medium or very high stress.Some evidence that supports the data collected amongst the Helplessness students is a study reported August 4, 2008, which reveals that stress and drug abuse of any sort are highly linked. The stress goes both ways as one can lead to the other, setting up a vicious circle; 73% of teens have admitted that school stress Is a primary reason for drug abuse ( Mi randa, L. (2008)). In order to reduce stress related to drug abuse amongst teens, changes are necessary In order to successfully provide social Justice ND improve policies that are currently being advocated.Strategies such as looking even rehab have been suggested by Helplessness High students for those who suffer from the stress linked to drug abuse. Seeking help from an organization has been the most popular option amongst the teens surveyed in Helplessness High as 82% of the students have suggested this approach. This is due to the fact that in organizations, teens are often able to seek advice from a third party. This will increase the supportive environment for teens as they can access more information in order to help them deal with their own issues.Organizations such as the Queensland Injectors Health Network, the Mental Health and Wellbeing that can be found in the Queensland government website, as well as the Australian Drug Foundation have been suggested as good options (S LD. Gob. AU, (2014)). The UDF is a well-known organization which deals specifically with drug and alcohol addiction and seems to have been successful as many suggested this option. Talking to a family member was the second best chosen option with 78% of the students' votes followed by talking to friends with 66%.These two options may help those who are in the early stages of their drug addiction and can yet be talked out of it. The support provided by either one can help the teen to find a healthy way to relieve stress or also, having someone to talk to can further help the teen. Although there are many services available and offering to help those in need, there are also many barriers which can interfere on the success of these initiatives. Barriers such as the denial of help as well as the inaccessibility can deprive many teens from overcoming their addiction.This is why organizations should be positioned in spread out areas. An idea of a strategy could be a school based support g roup for those who are in need of help in Helplessness State High and this group would be funded by the government. Overall, we can see how stress and drug abuse are two major issues which are highly linked and one aspect can lead to the other. However, anyone who suffers from drug addiction is not trapped to the issue as there are many strategies which can offer the help needed and support the teen to going back to living a normal life.The UDF organization is, once again an option that teens can turn to. We can see that these strategies have been successful throughout the past years as the percentage of teens addicted to drugs has decreased. In conclusion, anyone can overcome a drug addiction due to the supportive environment provided by our school and pears, and social Justice that can be created for them if enough effort is displayed on their behalf and also on the government's behalf to continue in providing support and information.

Diliman Preparatory School Essay

Introduction Meeting deadlines appear to be very stressful among students. They like to work at the very last days to run after the deadline. Cramming like a speedy horse in complying with a given specific task the day or night before. Why? It is a matter of upbringing or behavioral pattern that governs the mentality of a student thinking that he could work or think more intelligently and logically if the time has already been running out. Modern technologies like cell phone, internet, and television catch the attention and focus of the students in terms of doing school work. Facebook addiction as a form of leisure and going away from family or environmental problems has been accumulating throughout the daily lives of a number of students. More often than not, students blame their teachers about giving short deadlines and heavy assignments. Failure to meet submission deadlines is one of the causes why students get a low grade. Most teachers give a deduction in the grades if the student does not care with the period within which to prepare the task assigned. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to solve these following questions: 1. What are the disadvantages of not passing projects on time? 2. What are the solutions to the problems bought by the disadvantages? 3. How do the students deal with the set deadlines? 4. What are the factors that make high school students of Diliman Preparatory  School neglect to meet deadlines? HYPOTHESIS â€Å"High school students of Diliman Preparatory School have difficulties in meeting deadlines because of their personal priorities.† IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY The goal of this study is to help the faculty members to know and understand why students fail to meet submission deadlines. This thesis will also assist the students to know their weaknesses, to change and deal with difficulties in school especially when submitting projects. It aims to help further related topics conducted by students on their research work. Furthermore, we would like to know what might cause the problem on school work. Likewise, the researchers want to know the possible ways to prevent failure in submission deadlines. DEFINITION OF TERMS Addiction- to much usage of something Deadline- the time by which something must be finished or submitted Extra-curricular activites- non-academic activities in school Laziness- declined to work Peer pressure- social pressure by members of one’s peer group Procrastination- the act of delaying something Resources- an available means Time management- setting of priorities in a given time SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study is only covers the reasons why high school students of Diliman Preparatory School fail to meet submission deadlines. Conduction of survey will be done from both honors and non honors classes. Random students will be chosen as a sample to avoid biased results. This will only be limited within the Diliman Preparatory School campus. No other people from different campus can be part of this study. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Procrastination or â€Å"intentional delay†?  By Amy Novotney Procrastination hinders many graduate students, but sometimes delaying work to plan ahead or take a break can be beneficial. Jenny Cartinella cleans her apartment. Cathy Webber does math puzzles. Matt Kressin checks sports scores, and Carmen Ramirez Walker updates her Facebook page. All of them are psychology students putting off other tasks they’re supposed to be doing. It’s a tough habit to break, particularly these days when the Internet allows students to escape dissertation-writing frustrations with the click of a mouse. A 2007 meta-analysis by University of Calgary psychologist Piers Steel, PhD, reports that 80 percent to 95 percent of college students procrastinate, particularly when it comes to doing their coursework (Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 133, No. 1). Graduate students may be better than undergrads at fighting off procrastination, but they’re still pretty good at putting things off. In a 1997 survey, University of Denver School of Education professor Kathy Green, PhD, found that procrastination was one of the top reasons doctoral students failed to complete their dissertations (New Directions for Higher Education Vol. 1,997, No. 99). â€Å"Procrastination is a natural part of graduate school,† says self-proclaimed postponer Kressin, a clinical psychology student at the School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute in Springfield, Mo. â€Å"It’s so important to learn how to deal with it.† What triggers students to clean out closets or wax the car when it’s time to work on their statistics paper? Usually it’s self-doubt, says procrastination researcher and Carleton University psychology professor Timothy A. Pychyl, PhD. â€Å"As students, you’re always being pushed out of your depths—that’s what learning is,† Pychyl says. Graduate students worry about performing inadequately or fear their success may raise others’ expectations of them, he says. Other students may actually think they get a thrill out of delaying their work and believe they work best under pressure, though that’s not borne out in the experimental data, says DePaul University psychology professor Joseph Ferrari, PhD. Several studies in Steel’s 2007 meta-analysis suggest procrastination is negatively related to overall GPA, final exam scores and assignment grades. â€Å"Students seem to remember the one time that maybe waiting until the last minute did pay off with a good grade, but they  forget the other nine times when it didn’t,† Ferrari says. Procrastination can also take a toll on a student’s mental health and well-being. In one 2007 study, Florida State University psychologists Dianne M. Tice, PhD, and Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, examined procrastination among students in a health psychology class. They found that early in the semester, procrastinators reported lower stress and less illness than non-procrastinators, but that late in the term, procrastinators reported higher stress and more illness (Psychological Science, Vol. 8, No. 6). Educational psychologist Bruce W. Tuckman, PhD, has devoted much of his career to helping procrastinators learn how to get to work. As director and professor of the Ohio State University W.E. Dennis Learning Center, Tuckman teaches a course on learning and motivation strategies that 1,000 students attend each year. The course teaches students psychological principles and theories about achievement, motivation, self-regulation and information processing. Students also complete a questionnaire asking about which of 15 common rationalizations (see sidebar) for procrastination they use most often. They then learn about the most common reasons for procrastination, including a fear of failure, and several actions to take to ensure they meet their deadlines (see sidebar). In a paper he presented at this year’s American Educational Research Association annual meeting, Tuckman provided evidence that the course may really work: Over seven years, students who took the class ended up with higher grade point averages—typically about 0.5 points higher in the semester after the course. They also reported higher college retention and graduation rates than a control group of matched students who did not take the course. â€Å"It really makes a significant difference,† he says. Yet a small subset of researchers proposes that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or lead to negative outcomes. In a 2005 study in The Journal of Social Psychology (Vol. 145, No. 3), Jin Nam Choi, PhD, a business professor at Seoul National University in South Korea, differentiated between two types of procrastinators: passive procrastinators, who postpone tasks until the last minute because of an inability to act in a timely manner, and active procrastina tors, who prefer the time pressure and purposely decide to delay a task but are still able to  complete tasks before deadlines and achieve satisfactory outcomes. Choi and co-author Angela Hsin Chun Chu, a doctoral student at Columbia University, tested the 12-item scale they developed to distinguish the two procrastination types among a group of 230 undergraduates from three Canadian universities. They found that although active procrastinators reported the same level of procrastination as their traditional or passive counterparts, they demonstrated a productive use of time, adaptive coping styles and academic performance outcomes that were nearly identical to—and in some cases even better than—those of non-procrastinators. In a study published in April in the same journal, Choi and McGill University organizational behavior doctoral student Sarah V. Moran developed and validated an expanded measure of active procrastination and confirmed the 2005 findings. â€Å"From my own life and findings from these studies, I believe that procrastination characterized by these four effects—outcome satisfaction, preference for pressur e, intentional decision and ability to meet deadlines—is beneficial for individual well-being and performance,† Choi says. But graduate students shouldn’t view this research as a free pass to spend hours on Facebook when they should be developing a bibliography for their thesis, merely because they think they’re doing it purposefully, Pychyl says. He argues that Choi’s research points out the positives of intentional delay, which can be a necessary part of managing daily tasks while pursuing our goals, he says. â€Å"Delay and procrastination are not the same things,† Pychyl says. â€Å"Let’s not confuse deliberate, thoughtful delay of action with the lack of self-regulatory ability known as procrastination.† Instruments, Tools and Techniques We use questionnaire as our survey forms for this study. Random selection of 50 respondents was done in order to get unbiased result. We gather information from the internet in order to find related studies in our research. Data analysis and procedure The survey forms which are approved by the principal asked the respondents if they like doing projects, how many projects did they usually do in a quarter, what are the reasons why teacher set deadlines, how long is the submission of project-making prior to submission, what are the reasons why students fail to meet submission deadlines, and what is the possible solution in order to help the students meet submission deadlines. After getting the information needed, we tallied and used the proper formula to interpret the data and make conclusion. Sampling Procedure We used random as a sampling technique, wherein we chose randomly a subset of individuals from a larger set. Each individual is chosen randomly in every year level by chance. Statistical Treatment We use percentage method and ranking scale for Statistical method. Manual computation took place because we need to rank the reasons of failure of meeting submission deadlines. SUMMARY Most of the students don’t like doing projects. Usually they do 4-6 projects in a quarter. It’s good to know that majority of them meet submission deadlines. They think that teacher’s give projects to teach them proper time management. The duration of project making prior to submission deadline is commonly 2 weeks. Many of the respondents ranked laziness as the main reason why students don’t meet deadlines and setting priority is the best way students think in order to submit requirements on time. CONCLUSION Based on the results of our data, we can conclude that laziness is the main factor why students fail to meet submission deadlines. Laziness may lead to lack of time management, technology addiction, and other factors stated above. Lack of allotted time for project making affects the student’s performance. Having many projects and lack to time may lead to student’s dilemma. RECOMMENDATION We suggest for the next researchers to have a broad study about the solutions in order to help students meet submission deadlines. For the faculty members and school administrators, we recommend conducting a study or survey among

Abnormal Psychology; Defining Abnormality

Abnormal Psychology: Assignment 1- Defining abnormality Defining abnormal behaviour is one of the most difficult and provocative subjects within the field of abnormal psychology as there are a range of methodologies you can use to define abnormalities. Abnormality is a behaviour or condition that strays from what society views as normal and appropriate, consequently causing distress or harm to oneself or those around them.Due to the fact that society has changed through history when defining abnormality, we are now able to define abnormalities using many different scientific and non-scientific approaches. However despite the fact that abnormal behaviour can be defined in more than one way, all have their limitations; therefore generally psychologists will use a combination of the following methods when defining abnormalities. Statistical infrequency is one model used to define abnormal behaviour; abnormalities are defined by how often a certain type of behaviour occurs.How the majori ty of people act are usually classed as normal whereas possessing qualities and traits that are uncommon or rare are usually classed as abnormal. Despite the word abnormal invoking a feeling of negativity, displaying abnormal behaviour is not always viewed as a negative, for example the average human being would not be able to run 100 metres as quick as Usain Bolt as that kind of skill is statistically infrequent therefore according to this particular model he possesses an abnormal skill but would not be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment.The major strength when using this model of defining abnormalities is that it is not subject to personal bias as the standards are set and based wholly on statistics and frequencies; how common certain behaviour is and how often it occurs.However there are many limitations when using this model, as mentioned above there are many abnormal traits that are statistically infrequent but socially desirable such as being ambidextr ous, but according to this model they would be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment which is not the case due to the fact they have an uncommon ability, furthermore there are abnormal traits whist being a statistically frequent type of behaviour they are socially undesirable such as depression.Another flaw is the fact that the infrequency of some behaviours differ culturally and sub-culturally as certain behaviours are socially acceptable in some cultures but not in others, also within certain cultures there maybe differences. In some African cultures being able to speak to the dead or hearing voices may be statistically infrequent but displaying these kinds of traits are viewed as a blessing therefore socially desirable whereas in the U.K if you professed to be able to speak with dead people, hearing voices or receiving messages from god you would definitely raise concerns with regards to their mental state as this kind of behaviour is statistically infrequen t and socially undesirable. One way to define abnormalities is a ‘Deviation social norms’. Deviation derives from the word deviant and this is defined as irregular or unusual behaviour, social norms are the standards of acceptable behaviour set by us and society around us.Therefore deviating from the social norm is an individual or individuals who act out of character in accordance to the social norms set by society. A simple example of deviating from the social norm is rudeness or lack of politeness. Politeness is fundamental when interacting and communicating with each other positively; similarly somebody who is rude is therefore behaving in a deviant way as they are unable to interact with others according to what society expects.However as our culture also defines our social norms within society, likewise the norms we value may not be socially accepted within another culture. A good illustration of this is the contrast of social norms is the United Kingdom and place s in the United Arab Emirates like Dubai, regarding public displays of affection. In the U. K we have a more relaxed opinion of public displays of affection; to a certain extent of course, whilst in Dubai it is socially unacceptable even criminal to publicly display affection even in an environment we may deem as socially acceptable such as the beach.One of the most predominant limitations is that defining abnormalities in this way may be susceptible to abuse, as social norms change through history. What may have been acceptable 50 years ago may not be acceptable now and vice versa, for instance in the case of being pregnant out of wedlock in the 1950’s, many women were sectioned and treated for a mental illness, whereas nowadays it is deemed socially acceptable to engage in sex and procreate before marriage without any reprisals or threat of institutionalisation.However if we were to define abnormal behaviour with the single model of deviating from the social norm, professio nals could in turn label everyone that does not conform as mentally ill which is not always the case. ( Szasz 1974, cited in Cardwell and Flanagan, 2008, page 178) Additionally another limitation of defining abnormalities using this characteristic is cultural relativism. As we know the process of defining a deviation from the social norm is majorly influenced by our culture as it is our culture that defines what a particular norm is.For example a psychologist from the United Kingdom may have a diagnosis for an individual displaying abnormal behaviour, such as walking the streets with a gun meanwhile a psychologist in the United States of America may not. Every culture has their own social norms and within those cultures there are sub-cultures that would have their own social norms therefore the cultural relativity; whether it be cross or sub-culturally has to be taken into account when diagnosing somebody’s symptoms as abnormal.Furthermore in the DSM (The Diagnostic and Stati stics Manual) there is a section that describes certain patterns of behaviour and syndromes that are specific to certain areas and places around the world. Psychologists call this ‘culture- bound syndromes’ which means that there are no universal standards when labelling individuals as abnormal, as disorders vary in conjunction to where you and the disorder originate. There is another way to define abnormal behaviour another model is ‘Failure to function adequately’.Failure to function adequately from the sufferer’s point of view manifests itself when they are unable to cope with the daily demands of life such as working, interacting with others meaningfully, therefore labelling their own behaviour as abnormal; resulting in an individual seeking medical attention. David Rosenhan & Martin Seligman (1989) stated that there are a various features of abnormality other than suffering and maladaptiveness. Other features are unconventional behaviour, observ er discomfort, violation of moral standards, loss of control and irrationality.However just displaying one of the above features is of no great significance, it is the presence of several that would define abnormal behaviour. (www. integratedsociopsychology. net) There are further limitations to this model when defining abnormality, as the patient or professional has to recognise the failure to function adequately is apparent, which is opinion based and may differ. For instance an individual may think their maladaptive abnormal behaviour is perfectly normal and they are coping fine, meanwhile not being able to comprehend their inability to cope, sequentially others may find their behaviour very distressing.However someone displaying adaptive, abnormal habits such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder whilst not posing a threat to themselves or society could still be classified as being abnormal due to unconventional behaviour. Showing signs of distress, irrationality and maladaptive beha viour would usually result in being classed as abnormal but this may not always be the case; for example showing signs of distress such as being depressed may be classed as abnormal behaviour but the individual may feel fine even happy.Again when showing signs of irrationality, you may be causing no harm to professing that you may be Jesus but irrational thoughts about death and killing for instance would raise concern, in turn maladaptive behaviour can be demonstrated when an individual self-harms or mutilates we would class them as portraying abnormal behaviour whereas smoking can be seen as self-harming but not enough criterion to be classed as mentally ill due to maladaptive tendencies.Cultural relativity plays a crucial part in this feature when defining abnormalities as each culture functions in different ways, hence the failure to function needs to be assessed according to their culture. For example, in the United Kingdom dogs are viewed as family members even as companions a nd the harming of, especially eating a dog is a criminal offense punishable by law. Therefore this behaviour would be considered abnormal; whereas in China, dogs are eaten as part of a meal and keeping a dog in the home as a pet would be viewed as abnormal behaviour in China.The standard of one culture cannot be used to judge another as the symptoms and diagnosis are dependent on the cultural ideals and standards upheld by the individual patient. Alternatively another approach used to define abnormal behaviour is ‘Deviating from ideal mental health’. This model uses the similar approach used when detecting physical illness, when diagnosing a physical illness physician’s look for signs of physical health such as regular heartbeat; normal body temperature etc. , so an absence of one of these signs would indicate illness.In 1958, Marie Jahoda through research and secondary evidence developed a theory that if physical illness can be detected by the absence of the sta ndard ‘signs’ of health then alternatively mental health could be also. (en. wikipedia. org) The characteristics she identified as defining someone as being of ‘Ideal Mental Health’ included having an accurate view of reality, integration and ability to deal with stressful situations, capability to grow, develop and adjust, also being able to function at work and hold positive relations even the ability to love.In view of this model it shows that the absence of one the above criteria would indicate an abnormality even a potential mental condition. With all models there are limitations, according to this particular model the majority of people in general would be classed as abnormal or suffering a mental disorder of some kind as most people lack one of the criterion. Marie Jahoda did say that it was the ‘Ideal’ mental health so it would be difficult to gauge the level of abnormality depending on the amount of criterion an individual maybe lackin g.For example someone could be lacking the criterion of personal growth and actualisation resulting in a lack of drive and ambition, but that individual may be completely happy even satisfied regarding the situation; according to Jahoda they would be still viewed as mentally ill rather than just unambitious and lacking motivation. Despite Marie Jahoda using a similar technique used to define physical illness, physical illness have physical causes such as a cough due to contracting a virus whereas being diagnosed as having a mental illness, atients and psychologists are not always presented with physical signs as most mental illnesses derive from trauma in life, for that reason the diagnosis of a mental illness cannot be identified in exactly the same way as a physical illness. Cultural relativism is a compelling limitation as different cultures have different ways of expressing their ‘Ideal’ mental health.For example, according to Jahoda an absence of the criterion of s elf-actualization would indicate the presence of a mental disorder but that is because the western world strives for individuality and acclaim, however some tribal communities in Africa and the Amazon act as a collective and concentrate on working as a group and sharing every aspect of daily life, if the Jahoda criterion was measured against an Amazonian tribe they would be deemed as mentally ill rather than being a caring tightknit community, the cross cultural differences are too much of an dominating factor.The different models described all differ in perspectives. Failure to function adequately focuses on the individual’s sense of abnormal functioning, deviating from social norm concentrates on other people’s perspective and deviating from ideal mental health is an amalgamation of the first two models without taking into account subjective feelings.The classification and definition of abnormal behaviour has many successful approaches but as a single model is not ad equate enough to correctly define abnormalities, although each model definitely gives a good indication, it’s the combination of the described models commonly known as the multi-criteria approach that successfully aids psychologists in correctly defining and diagnosing abnormal behaviour correctly in a patient.References Cardwell, R. Flanagan, C. (2008) Psychology AS: The Complete Companion. Oxford University Press: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. Accessed 15. 10. 12 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marie_Jahoda Accessed 21. 10. 12 http://www. integratedsociopsychology. net/Defining_Abnormality/7'FeaturesofAbnormality'-DavidRosenhan&M. html Accessed 16. 10. 12

E-commerce Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-commerce - Literature review Example E-commerce will embody the selling of anything from goods and services by the use of internet using computers that are linked together. Gunasekaran and Ngai (2005) in contrast to Adham & Ahmad (2005) argue that beyond being strictly committed to internet businesses, e-commerce also involves improvement in business functions for traditional retailers. They also argue that it also helps face many businesses tasks including development, marketing, communication, sales and more. These innovations in prevailing business functions radicallydevelop productivity, sales and more. According to Gunasekaran and Ngai (2005) and Shin-Ping (2008), e-commerce is doing various businesses via the internet, since these days the world has become a web in which one has to worry about other businesses, and have an interaction, collaboration and exchanging of various business data with other businesses. However, Boateng, Heeks, Molla and Hinson (2008) there is some concern about the security of e-commerce and this is done through the examination of the current status of the framework under the e-Privacy Directive, and contemplation concerning the inclusion of a harmonized framework in the Data Protection Directive. Their findings show that in order for these connections to happen, there has to be a connection between one organization and another. E-commerce enables information interchange on demand to a unified platform where a company can connect to all its partners and customers and integrate easily. Many companies tend to work together for producing ecommerce platforms whichimprove their customers’ experience as it increases their brand awareness. According to Blythe (2012), Bharadwaj and Soni (2007) and Sumanjeet (2010), for these companies to achieve this, they have to ensure that their websites are compatible with Search Engine Optimization (SEO), easy to use by the customers and other back-end prospective, and it was

Sicilian Mafia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sicilian Mafia - Essay Example Sicilian Mafia (Cosa Nostra) is among the highly dangerous organized criminal groups of Italy. This research paper will discuss regarding the background, history, and formation, past and present criminal activities of the Sicilian Mafia. It will highlight how it has impacted the social and economic life of the people in the world and which policies have been made by the authorities to restrict the mafia from affecting the lives of the people. Whether there has been any restriction policy on this major mafia group or not is another big question which will be answered by this research paper (Sinai, 2007). The paper will start with background information following the related theories regarding the Sicilian Mafia. The current situations of the criminal group along with their economic impact on the entire world will be discussed. The methodology of the research paper will also be presented and the results will be drawn out of the economic statistics. The main objective of this research p aper is to check the association of the origin of Sicilian Mafia with the higher profits earned in the lemon and citrus fruits markets. The work has basically been done by taking the data from the imperfect market situations of the 19th century. The paper is going to highlight the facts regarding the Italian imperfect markets of citrus fruits where the fixed costs of growing citrus fruits were very high. This entry barrier caused only a few people to grow these fruits, thus earning significantly higher profits as well (Dimico, 2012). At that time the government rule was also very poor, but in order to prevent the people from earning higher profit