Prejudice, Prejudice And Prejudice - 1074 Words

These days, there is a marked prejudice against prejudice, and understandably so. More often than not, â€Å"prejudice† refers to an â€Å"antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization.†1 Insofar as prejudice refers to thought or action beclouded by hatred, it warrants condemnation, not defense. However, prejudice also has a broader meaning. According to the Oxford Shorter Dictionary, it is: â€Å"a preconceived opinion; bias unfavorable or favorable.†2 It refers to â€Å"life circumstances† and â€Å"perspective.† Prejudice is any source of judgment whose validity one has not ascertained for oneself. The aspiration to banish prejudice in this broad sense reflects the assumption that rational judgment must be untainted by prejudgments of any kind. This way of thinking about judgment, and the renunciation of fixed ideas it implies, is misguided. Prejudice gives life experiences their subjective meanings. But prejudice can also be both i lluminating and consistent with freedom. The concept of detached judgment (itself a kind of prejudice) was shaped during the Enlightenment (1685-1815). As Hans-Georg Gadamer points out, â€Å"The history of ideas shows that not until the Enlightenment does the concept of prejudice acquire the negative connotation familiar today.†3 The word â€Å"prejudice† actually comes from â€Å"prejudgment,† which means â€Å"[having] either a positive or negative value.† This meaning, he continues, was limited during the Enlightenment â€Å"to the sense of an unfounded judgment† – thatShow MoreRelatedPrejudice1230 Words   |  5 PagesPrejudice Presented By: Nor Anisa Bt. Musa What is Prejudice? * Everyone comes face to face with prejudice at some time or another. * Prejudice is when we recognizethat we feel and act less positively towards others. * The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes. * Prejudice may be perceived as acceptable and justified * All inequality and differential treatment is not perceived and responded to in the same way. The nature and origins of streotypingRead MoreGeneral Conception Of Prejudice And Prejudice919 Words   |  4 PagesThe presence of stereotypes and prejudices existed from a long time ago along with the human history – partially often deeply integrated with religion or social status. In 21st century, people are facing with many different stereotypes and prejudices either directly or indirectly. Stereotype is a generalized belief or assumption towards some specific groups or people by the defined attributes or characteristics. Stereotyping can foster prejudice and shape people’s point of views and behaviors ofRead MorePrejudices: Challenging Level Prejudice2250 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"We are each burdened with prejudice; against the poor or the rich, the smart or the slow, the gaunt or the obese. It is natural to develop prejudices. It is noble to rise above them,† Author Unknown. Unfortunately, throughout history our society has become victim to the upbri nging and menacing of prejudices within. The prejudices that our fellow neighbors endure range from scowling facial expressions to violent hate crimes. As far back as the decades go, prejudice has been an ongoing problemRead MorePrejudice Essay - Prejudice, Shame, And Worthless904 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice Sadness, shame, loneliness, judged, and worthless, these are all feelings that victims feel when prejudice is involved. My brother, Johnny, had never felt any of these emotions before his accident. He is the one, whom everybody wanted to be around. He made everybody laugh, and he was just fun to be around. But things dramatically changed on the day he got into a car accident. He lost his arm. Now everybody looks at him as if he is completely different. Before someone is to be prejudicedRead More Prejudice Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagespaper I was very excited to find someone with a quite interesting and culturally diverse family background that I think would contribute a lot to the topic of prejudice and stereotype. This paper will discuss the views of stereotype and prejudice of my interviewee and also how the two factors have affected her life. Brown (1995) defines prejudice as a negative attitude, emotion, or behavior towards members of a group as a result of their membership o f that group. This negative attitude, emotion, or behaviorRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnalytical Factsheet on Prejudice amp; Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved This essay willRead MorePrejudice in of Mice and Men1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn John Steinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men, there are many example of prejudice. The main types of prejudice shown in this novel are racial, sexual and social prejudice.   This essay is firstly going to look at racial prejudice. There is much racial  prejudice  shown in Of Mice and Men towards  Crooks  the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables with many more possessions than them. This room is made out to be a privilege andRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Discrimination1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Aversive Prejudice/Discrimination All types of prejudice vary in some ways , some people are very blunt and some people merely whisper under their breath or secretly avoid the people they dislike. This falls more in between those line with this being an example of averise racism specifically â€Å" Aversive racists, in contrast, sympathize with victims of past injustice,support principles of racial equality, and genuinely regard themselves as non-prejudiced, but at the same time possess conflictingRead MoreDiscrimination : Prejudice And Discrimination Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 1 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 8 Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Emily B. Hutchins Salem College Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Prejudice and discrimination are two different actions with similar meanings. A person can have prejudice without acting in a discriminatory manner; however, if someone is discriminating against someone, they have prejudices. A prejudice can start from a stereotype andRead MoreSexism And Prejudice And Discrimination1791 Words   |  8 Pageshence I will be focusing on sexism and present the explanations surrounding this prejudice and discrimination. Sexism is discrimination and prejudice against an individual based on their gender and is still widely apparent in society today although has drastically deteriorated in relation to the past. Most research relating to sexism specifically focuses on women as they have been victim to the majority of prejudice essentially due to their lower status compared to men in relation to business, government

Gutenberg s Printing Press And Its Impact On The...

Due to the advancement of printing technology, specifically Gutenberg s printing press around 1450, notated music could be produced at a much higher capacity. The printing of liturgical books, however, did not commence until 1473, but it rapidly increased until Ottaviano Petrucci had printed 59 volumes of sheet music by 1523.1 Nevertheless, the process was slow and tedious. Grout and Palisca note: â€Å"each sheet went through the press three times: once to print the staff lines, another time to print the words, and a third to print the notes. The process was long, difficult and expensive, and some printers soon reduced it to two impressions, one for the words and one for the music.†2 Thus, it would anachronistic to suppose that by acknowledging that publishers of the Middle Ages printed music, they did it in the same way it is done today. Printing did, all things considered, increase the volume of publications, but it was still at a slow rate. This did not, however, hinder the new applications of printed music, but rather gave sheet music new life. Musical pieces could now be produced at higher volumes and spread throughout churches around the world. Printed music, moreover, was cheaper due to the higher quantity available, which enabled amateur and professional musicians alike to, as Grout and Palisca note, â€Å"form vocal, instrumental, and mixed ensembles to perform the available repertory.†3 Furthermore, higher quantities and easier reproduction of printed music ensured itShow MoreRelatedLimitations Of Technology - An Exploration Of The Printing Press Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesLimitations of Technology – An exploration of the printing pre ss Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468)’s printing press was created in the mid-15th century Guttenberg used his moveable type machine to print the first mass produced book- the Gutenberg bible, also known as the 42 line bible, named after the number of lines per column. The publication was printed at the rate of 300 pages per day, an unrealistic quantity during the time of print made possible by his invention. Metal letter forms copied manuscriptRead MoreThe Communication Of Information And The Printing Press1670 Words   |  7 Pagessecular, and from scholarly to popular, has been important to the development of civilization. From hand writing the Bible, to being able to print it in less than a minute, the printing press has truly changed the world. We thank China for the first production of the printing press in the 6th century AD. The printing press has allowed for more ideas to be shared, more widespread knowledge, and entertainment to be expressed. This is definitely one of the greatest inventions of all time. In theRead MoreGutenberg Printing Press And Its Impact On The World1952 Words   |  8 Pagesbad, it owes it to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source†- Mark Twain (qtd. in Childress 122). Johannes Gutenberg created something that would change the world forever, and it would lead the way for many discoveries and inventions in the future. What he created was called the Gutenberg printing press. This invention has proved to be one of the most monumental inventions in history, due to the major impacts left on the world. Originating from Germany, the printing press spread across EuropeRead MoreJohann Gutenberg and the Impact of the Printing Press2679 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Johann Gutenberg and the Impact of the Printing Press† Johann Gutenberg is credited for the invention of the printing press, a monumental advancement in technology that changed the world forever. It has been regarded as, â€Å"one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind.† What was once a tedious process, became a fast, easy, and cheap way to produce great quantities of books. It granted public access to a wealth of knowledge never seen before. Rapid spread of ideas was the catalystRead MoreEssay on Johannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press3418 Words   |  14 PagesJohannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press Between the 13th and 16th centuries we can see the rise of a print-dominated society; a society which moved away from the Churchs monopoly of information that existed until that time. There were many social, economic and political changes. It was not because of the printing press that those changes were brought about, but perhaps they could have not happened so fast without the print. Johann Gutenberg managed to bringRead MoreEvolution of Mass Communications Essay examples1151 Words   |  5 Pageslarge of an impact in the world of communications as the revolution of the Internet. Although the impact has been large, the Internet was certainly not the first to revolutionize communications. When many cities started to arise and become industrial-based, there became a need for more technological advancements. When there was one change in the way of living, a domino effect occurred and many more advancements and developments took place. The mass communications of writing, printing, mass mediaRead MoreSocial Shaping of Technology and Technological Determinism1431 Words   |  6 Pagest Social Context of Society Social Context of Technology – Essay â€Å"Technology is an independent factor impacting on society from outside society† Discuss with reference to both the Technological Determinist and the Social Shaping of Technology perspectives. The power technology obtains is incredible. In recent years it’s advanced greatly and I believe its limits is only our imagination. It is evolving at a quicker rate than ever and its happeningRead MoreSocial Shaping of Technology and Technological Determinism1417 Words   |  6 Pagest Social Context of Society Social Context of Technology – Essay â€Å"Technology is an independent factor impacting on society from outside society† Discuss with reference to both the Technological Determinist and the Social Shaping of Technology perspectives. The power technology obtains is incredible. In recent years it’s advanced greatly and I believe its limits is only our imagination. It is evolving at a quicker rate than ever and its Read MoreWhat Was The Industrial Revolution All About?2281 Words   |  10 Pagesperiod of great change brought on by advancements in technologies and increases in trade, agriculture, mining, manufacturing and population growth. These advancements changed the structure of society at that time and changed the economy, which had been based on the land and manual labour, to an economy based on manufacturing by machines. Before the revolution, people had mainly made a living from working on the land and so they lived in rural areas. New technologies, inventions, methods, ideas and materialsRead MoreInvention of Paper in China5180 Words   |  21 Pagestraditional uses, like the use of paper as clothing. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin of the techno logy of paper and how it has impacted the nation of China. We will examine the culture of China. We will also look at the history of paper itself. We will then determine the impact that paper has had on the culture of China. Lastly, we will look at the moral and ethical impacts that paper has had upon the Chinese. We will begin with an overview of the culture of China. China’s culture

The Capital Structure of an Organisation Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Why is it Important for Companies to Consider Ethics in their Capital Budgeting? 2.Calculate after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital. 3. Calculate the following: (a) Payback period (b) Discounted payback period (c) Net present value (d) Profitability index (e) Internal rate of return (f) Should this project be accepted? (g) If the required rate of return is 20%, should this project be accepted? Answers: A company has to evaluate the list of investments it wishes to undertake and uses capital budgeting techniques like NPV, IRR and payback period to decide on the best and viable investments. However, these methods assess the economic viability of the project and do not take into consideration the social and environmental costs. According to a survey, such costs can range from 5 to 20% of the total activities cost. Therefore in order to enhance a firms competitive position, it is important to incorporate environmental costs into the business strategies. There are two types of costs i.e. internal and external. Internal costs are more tangible and quantifiable like monitoring of hazardous waste, disposal, and treatment of waste water. Whereas external costs are costs imposed by the society on the company and are less quantifiable and include corporate image, environmental fines and penalties, marketable by products, natural resource damage costs etc. Most of the internal costs are consid ered in the project appraisal. And since the external costs do not affect the cash flow directly, they are hardly considered. However, it is very important o factor such costs in the investment appraisal as there is a better assessment of risks and liabilities ensuring future viability of the company. Also the stakeholders get to know about the companys financial health and environmental costs from the companys economic activities. Hence, the business should adopt policies and techniques which can incorporate the internal and external costs. Examples of such techniques are Environmental Impact Assessments, Environmental cost/benefit Analysis, Triple Bottom Line Accounting (Sookram, Kistow, 2012) Treatment of hazardous waste cost is an example of ethical consideration in capital budgeting. 2.The capital structure of the company consists of equity and short term and long term debt. The market value of equity has been considered and the book value of debt has been considered. Equity Debt Market capitalisation $29,10,000 Short term debt $2,39,275 Long term debt $2,18,586 Total $29,10,000 $4,57,861 (Medigard, 2016) Calculation of WACC Cost of Debt Interest expense = $27,407 Total debt = $4, 57,861 Cost of debt = 27407 / 457861 = 5.99% Tax rate = 30% (as seen from annual report) After tax cost of debt = 5.99% * 0.7 = 4.19% Cost of Equity We will calculate the cost of equity using the CAPM model as the company has not paid any dividends in the year 2016. Risk free rate = 2.47% (Bloomberg, 2017) Beta = 3.6 (Financial Times, 2017) Expected market returns = 3.96% (Bloomberg, 2017) Required rate of return = risk free rate + beta (market return risk free rate) = 2.47% + 3.6 (3.96 2.47) = 7.8% WACC Cost Value Weights Weighted cost Debt 4.19% $4,57,861 0.14 0.006 Equity 7.8% $29,10,000 0.86 0.068 $33,67,861 7.3% Hence the WACC for Medigard Ltd. is 7.3%. Currently the company has 7.3% as its cost of capital. In order to lower its cost of capital the company can take the following course of action: a) Increase the debt component currently the company has 86% of capital in the form of equity. The cost of equity is more than the cost of debt. Hence, in order to reduce its WACC, it can increase its debt component to facilitate financial leverage. Like if the company increases the debt to 30% which lowers the equity to 70%, the WACC would be 6.7%. b) Replace part of equity by preferred stock preference capital is less expensive than equity and hence the company can look at replacing some part of equity capital by preference capital. 3.The table of net operating cash flows for the acquisition of new cooling system by Bluegum Enterprise is presented below: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flow from operations $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 Salvage value $13,200 Initial investment -$54,200 Net cash flows -$54,200 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $33,808 Discount factor @15% $1 $0.870 $0.756 $0.658 $0.572 $0.497 Present value of cash flows -$54,200 $17,920 $15,583 $13,550 $11,783 $16,809 a. Payback Period Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 0 -$54,200 -$54,200 1 $20,608 -$33,592 2 $20,608 -$12,984 3 $20,608 $7,624 4 $20,608 $28,232 5 $33,808 $62,040 Payback period = 2 + (12984/20608) = 2.6 years b.Discounted payback period Year Present value of cash flows Cumulative cash flows 0 -$54,200 -$54,200 1 $17,920 -$36,280 2 $15,583 -$20,697 3 $13,550 -$7,147 4 $11,783 $4,635 5 $16,809 $21,444 Discounted payback period = 3 + (7147/11783) = 3.6 years c.NPV = sum of present value of cash flows = $21,443.9 d.Profitability Index = Sum of present value of cash inflows / initial investment = 1.4 e.IRR = 30% f.Yes, the project should be accepted as the NPV is positive. Also other capital budgeting techniques give a favourable result. The IRR is more than the cost of capital, the payback period and discounted payback period is within the life of the project, the profitability index is more than 1. g.If the required rate of return is 20%, the present value of cash flows will change and will be as follows: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Net cash flows -$54,200 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $20,608 $33,808 Discount factor @20% $1 $0.833 $0.694 $0.579 $0.482 $0.402 Present value of cash flows -$54,200 $17,173 $14,311 $11,926 $9,938 $13,587 NPV = $12735.3 If the required rate of return increases to 20%, the project should still be accepted as the NPV is still positive. Reference Sookram, R., Kistow, B., (2012), Capital Budgeting and Sustainable Enterprises: Ethical Implications, the Journal of Value-Based Leadership, Vol. 5, and No.1 Financial Times, (2017), Equities: Medigard Ltd., accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=MGZ:ASX Bloomberg, (2017), AS51: IND, accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at, https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/AS51:IND Bloomberg, (2017), Australian Rates and Bonds: Government Bond Yields, accessed online on 16th April, 2017, available at, https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia Medigard, (2016), Medigard Annual Report, 2016

Psychological Trauma Case Study and Treatment Planning

Synopsis of the Case The case under analysis relates to a young girl named Geraldine Brown, who is an America-African girl aged nine years. The history of Geraldine shows that she has grown up in one of the towns in the United States all her years. She has a sister three weeks old named Jasmine.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their mother, Tanya is the sole breadwinner in the family who works in one of the Information Technologies firm while their father is a local driver with one of the truck companies in the city. Geraldine was very close with her mother and maternal grandmother. Her mother’s relatives would frequently visit. Through an interview, it is revealed that Geraldine is staunch Christian since she was an active member of the local church when her mother was alive. Unlike the mother, her father is an a lcoholic and an abuser of various drugs. This condition made him violent towards Geraldine’s mother, who was frequently abused. However, her father was never violent to her since he provided the needed care. An interview with Geraldine proved that the family has been moving from one place to the other. Whenever settled in one place, her father would always abuse the mother. Reports from the police proved that 911 calls had been received from each house that the family lived meaning that her father’s violent behavior has been consistent. Geraldine’s mother refused to file charges against her husband whenever the police arrived in response to the 911 calls. The father’s behaviour was extremely dangerous to the family since he would even assault the mother when she was pregnant. Three weeks after the mother delivered Jasmine, she was seriously beaten and succumbed to injuries. Geraldine was taken to the care centre specializing in trauma diagnosis for furthe r examination. Before this, a forensic interviewer had extracted some critical information from Geraldine. At the fateful night, Geraldine was sleeping in her room while Jasmine was in a bassinet when she heard a sound of utensils breaking. When she woke up, her parents were fighting while yelling at each other. Geraldine was helpless and she could not control anything, as the yelling went on for hours. At one time, she could not hear any noise and she was optimistic that the fight was over. After a few moments of silence, the screaming went on, but this time it was different since a scary sound was heard. She never attempted to check what was going on since she knew that everything would be fine as usual. Soon after, her parents went in their room and locked the door. While in their room, her parents started quarrelling once more, something that forced her to check what exactly was going on. She was terrified since she feared that her father would see her peeping in the door hole. When her parents were quarrelling and fighting, Jasmine was crying. The mother was trying to calm Jasmine while threatening to call the police.Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this moment, Geraldine thought of calling the police, but she feared her father would notice. She also contemplated notifying the neighbours, but she could not reach them without opening the main door. She convinced herself that the fight would be over and everything would go back to normal. Before she could even return to her bed, she heard a strange yelling from the mother, something that she had never heard before. She was now scared since the mother was crying for help while shouting that she was not ready to die. Her father opened the door she was leaning on. The father seemed tired as if she had done a heavy work. When she opened the door to see where her mother was, she only saw her father, but h er mother was nowhere. She never confronted the father since she knew that she could be injured or even killed. Her father instructed her to go to her bedroom and claimed that a tragic accident had just occurred. The father moved towards the kitchen to wash his bloodied shirt. Geraldine went back to her bedroom, but she returned soon after since she could not hear any noise, apart from that of Jasmine crying. She heard her father talking over the phone saying that something terrible had just happened in the room. Geraldine rushed to her mother’s room to see what had taken place, but she was ordered back to her room. She obeyed her father’s instructions and went back to sleep. After a few minutes, she heard an ambulance siren, with some paramedics. The medics wrapped Jasmine in a blanket and handed her over to Geraldine. The body of her mother was taken away to the morgue, but Geraldine was convinced that her mother would be fine. The police while in handcuffs whisked h er father. Geraldine never believed that her mother would be dead since she was hopeful that God had heard her prayer. She was taken to the neighbour’s house whereby the social worker and one police officer asked her whether they had a relative. She gave them her grandmother’s number, who was called soon after. Geraldine and her young sister were later taken away to the grandmother’s house whereby she was taken to the CAC centre the following day for an interview regarding what she saw that fateful night. She explained that her mother could have been injured accidently or her father could have caused the injury. She not convinced that her mother dead. Geraldine attended her mother’s burial service, but she was not emotional. Her grandmother and godmother are the two legal custodians of the two sisters. The godmother reports that Geraldine is always scared of any noise and seems troubled since she wakes up in the middle of the night while sweating and shak ing. Any time an ambulance passes by, she is anxious. She wants to respond to any phone call hoping that it is her father calling. The grandmother and the godmother are optimistic that Geraldine would be fine in case she is transferred to a different school.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Trauma-Informed Assessment Practitioners in the field of counselling employ a number of trauma treatment models. Trauma-informed assessment means that the role of each actor is important. Therefore, a critical review should be conducted to determine the role of each person as far as managing a traumatic event or situation is concerned. Based on this, it is true that each person has a role to play in initiating trauma-informed practices. To support traumatized children, such as Geraldine, certain terms should be evaluated in detail. Ca regivers and specialized psychologists should change their approach in terms of addressing the problems that traumatized children, such as what Geraldine, went through. For a social worker to execute his or her duty excellently, he or she should understand basic terms such as trauma focused-cognitive behavioural therapy, survival brain, resilience, developmental trauma disorder, and trauma integration. The social worker cannot employ all treatment models in addressing the problems facing the child, but instead he or she should first identify the thing that matters most. This would help him or her deliver the much needed help to a child going through a trauma, such as Geraldine. For the client described in this case, the social worker would have to identify what matters most and go a notch higher to determine the coping abilities of the child. In this case, what Geraldine was exposed to was the source of trauma (Lehmann, 2000). Her current surrounding matters so much since it determi ne her ability to cope. The information gathered through an interview with the client is what would be relied upon in assessing her situation. Violence is the main cause of trauma in children and adolescents because reports from juvenile justice system and child welfare confirm this. Trauma could also be caused by other factors, such as fire and accidents, but violence is the leading cause, particularly in children. When children are exposed to non-violent incidents, such as house fire and car accidents, trauma is not usually screened in them (Openshaw, 2008). Therefore, it is true to argue that experiences matter so much since it affects an individual’s coping ability. For the social worker to identify what Geraldine is going through, the way in which she experiences the event ought to be understood. Resilience research and developmental trauma disorder research are some of the conceptions that support the idea that the way an event or situation is experienced induces trauma to the child. Furthermore, only the child going through trauma is in a position to explain what would be employed effectively to resolve the situation.Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies focusing on resilience claim that not all events or situations believed be to be traumatizing would usually affect individuals (Saxe, 2007). For a relevant treatment plan to be applied in the case, the client must give her views as regards to how she experiences what she is exposed to in her daily life. Research shows that a treatment plan could turn out to be traumatizing in case it is not applied effectively (Osofsky, 2003). Every traumatizing event or situation would have unique conditions that would call for an extra-ordinary treatment plan. A social worker would not assume that all children are traumatized by what they are exposed to in their environment. In case a trauma occurs, the intervention techniques or the treatment plan is not usually similar. In 2005, one of the organizations specializing in child welfare concluded that all efforts channelled towards minimizing trauma in children should be based on certain ideas, strategies and processes, which are meant to of fer security, tone of voice and alternatives to the child. Such treatment plans must always be individualized meaning that the solution should be reached after an extensive consultation with the client. The client should be involved in any process by incorporating his or her views in the development of the plan. The report from the child welfare advised further that trauma services should focus on guaranteeing physical security and emotional safety (Vickerman, Margolin, 2007). These treatment plans should be resilient meaning that they have to be supple and individualized, ethnically competent, and advocate for reverence and dignity. Resilience studies reveal that evaluating the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder is very easy, but the assessment of coping abilities and the processes involved in dealing with trauma is very difficult in children. The ability of a child to cope with the traumatizing event is important in designing a treatment plan. For the case of Geraldine, th e situation ought to be approached from an experience-diagnostic perspective. The treatment plan would be aiming at altering the experience and reducing diagnostic symptoms. Geraldine ought to be given enough time to respond to specific questions that would be very important to designing a treatment plan. Form the interview, only a single statement would be enough to design the plan. Therefore, allowing her to give her views freely would be productive as far as developing a powerful treatment plan is concerned. Throughout the process, culture would be given priority since the designed treatment plan should be responsive to the traditional set of beliefs of the client. Cultural consideration in designing the treatment plays means that the social worker should actually have the capacity to offer trauma-informed assessment effectively. This implies that any treatment plan aimed at resolving the issues facing Geraldine should acknowledge, respect, and integrate the traditions, principle s, and social practices of Geraldine’s current family. The term culture in this context is used to mean the classification of the family’s race and traditions. In the case, it is eminent that Geraldine is from the African race meaning that the designed treatment plan should be consistent with the African culture (Osofsky, 2003). Apart from the race, the processes of designing the plan should comply with the religious beliefs of the client. In the case, Geraldine was a Christian before the traumatizing event occurred meaning that the treatment plan should adhere to this. The family living with the client is not superior in terms of socio-economic status. Moreover, the current family seems to be semi-illiterate hence the treatment plan should be cost-effective and easy to understand. The family should afford it and understand it in detail in case it is to be applied clearly. Culturally competent treatment plan would demand that the values of the grandmother and the godmo ther be respected and be incorporated into the treatment designing process. The cause of trauma should be interpreted from a cultural perspective since not all cultures have a similar definition of traumatizing event. In some cultures, children are informed right away if a traumatizing event takes place. For the case of Geraldine, no one was willing to inform her mainly because of cultural beliefs. In African-American culture, it is usually assumed that traumatizing events, such as death of the loved one, are not revealed to children instantly. Research supports the idea that cultural factors have enormous influence on bio-psychological experiences regarding trauma in children. This implies that the reactions of Geraldine to traumatic stress could be a result of cultural factors. This shows that ethno-cultural aspects, such as religion and family values, play a critical role as far as vulnerability of an individual to traumatic events is concerned. Geraldine could be experiencing an d expressing trauma mainly because of her religious beliefs. The way she would respond to the treatment plan depends on cultural factors. In this regard, the social worker will have a number of roles to play as far as the influence of cultural factors is concerned. The first thing the social worker would do is to recognize cultural disparities in the biased insight of trauma and response. Moreover, the caregiver would need to comprehend the role of values in the understanding of shock and revitalization process. Through this understanding, the social worker would be in a position to assist Geraldine to bring back a sense of security through trust building. To do this effectively, the caregiver is expected to interpret the problem from Geraldine’s cultural perspective. Finally, the social worker will have to work within and through Geraldine’s present family structure in order to encourage expressive and social support. Immediate Treatment Issues for Geraldine The first concept claiming that traumatic experiences are inherently complex applies to the case under study because Geraldine’s case is unique and cannot be compared to that of any other child. The concept suggests that each traumatic event has a different moment, which may vary from threats human life, the physical assault to the witnessing of death. Depending on the type of trauma that the child would be exposed to, he or she may portray different characteristics, ranging from changes in the belief system, reasoning, emotional response and the concern over safety. Based on this, a child would develop a different protective action, depending on the type of the traumatizing event. The views of the child might result to the internal conflicts whereby a child feels confused and helpless. Some would even regret witnessing or going through the traumatizing situation or event while others would simply be angry and guilty. The concept suggests further that previous experiences and developm ental levels influence the response of each child to trauma. For Geraldine, she grew up knowing that the father would always batter her mother. When the traumatizing situation occurred, she could not believe that the simple fight between her parents could cause her mother’s death. The occurrence of other events complicates the trauma since they introduce other layers. The loss of the mother exposed Geraldine to a precarious situation whereby she was forced to depend on other people, even though she was used to them. The fourth concept argues that trauma makes children exhibit certain forms of behaviour that vary in nature, commencement, intensity, regularity, and time. The concept suggests that the pattern and the course of response would definitely depend on the traumatic experience and effects. For Geraldine, social environments made her suffer more because she was used to her father’s violent behaviour. In the case, it is reported that she was always afraid of noise and phone calls thinking that her father was around. Moreover, she became nervous of the siren sound since it was involved in the transfer of her mother’s remains. It is noted that this type of behaviour can degenerate to a serious problem known as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression. These disorders have the ability of disrupting the normal growth of a child. For Geraldine, her growth could be impeded in case a treatment plan is not designed in time. Her functioning in the family, school, and in the community is already disrupted because she does not pay attention to what others tell her. The social worker will have to understand the response of Geraldine to the trauma if a suitable treatment plan is to be generated. This would entail competent assessment of the event, conducting an accurate diagnosis, and intervening effectively. Lastly, the fifth concept discussed would also emerge as an important area of focus when designing a treatment plan for Geraldine. The co ncept underscores the fact that trauma could perhaps affect a child’s sense of protection and safety. Moreover, it can amplify the child’s concerns regarding his or her safety. For the treatment plan to be successful, restoration of confidence and a sense of protection are critical. The plan should aim at making the Geraldine feel at home, accept the past events, and move. The grandmother and the godmother in the case suggest that transferring the Geraldine to a safe place would resolve the issues surrounding her, but the fifth concept suggests that this would simply serve to worsen the situation. Geraldine’s condition is complex since she cannot even differentiate between safe and unsafe place. In fact, this has readjusted her risk-behaviour since she always feels that the father is calling. However, Geraldine would recover fast because the environment she lives in is safe. The situation could be different in case she was living in an unsafe environment. Phase of Treatment According Saxe’s analysis, Geraldine’s case is at the first phase of treatment surviving is the major issue facing the client. Geraldine should be given specific skills that would help her cope with the new environment. The first phase, according to Saxe, aspires to protect Geraldine from intimidating surroundings and hazardous desires that would result to serious disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The treatment plan in the first phase would be seeking to set the stage for interventions in subsequent phases, particularly the second and the third stages, which are concerned with stabilizing the mind of the client and encouraging him or her to endure the pain or loss. Behaviour of Geraldine in the first phase is irregular and highly threatening. In this regard, the best treatment plan should be home-based, as well as community-based. This would help in understanding the home environment in which the child is exposed in while at the same evaluating the degree of danger. The social worker will therefore work with other human services delivery agencies, such as psychiatric units. In this phase, the behaviour of the child is usually impulsive meaning that he or she would do something that is extremely dangerous to her and other members of society. The treatment plan would focus on emotional regulation whereby Geraldine would be given adequate skills on behaviour regulation. The social worker would recommend psychopharmacological intervention whereby the use of drugs would be recommended. Working with Treatment Teams The condition of Geraldine is very complex meaning that a number of professionals would be involved in managing her traumatic condition. The social worker will focus on helping the patient go back to her initial status in terms of behaviour. This means that the caregiver would simply be concerned with the social aspects, such as the behaviour of the child at home, her interaction in school and her relationship with other peers (Crenshaw, 2006). Therefore, the social worker would have the major task of designing a treatment plan that focuses on engaging the behaviour of the client positively. Moreover, the social worker will be trying to stabilize the behaviour of the client, which is currently irregular and unpredictable. This would be accomplished through system advocacy and instilling meaning making skills to the client. The social worker will work with a team of psychologists whose major role would be to develop the emotional skills of the client and build cognitive processes. The psychologist will be concerned with ensuring that the brain of the client functions properly. The doctor on the other hand would be playing a major role of administering drugs on the patient, which would constitute pharmacological treatment. Any defects to the brain or any other central nervous organ would be rectified by the doctor. The social worker will advise the psychologist on the best cult ural practices to employ when counselling the client (Lehmann, 2000). Summary of the Treatment Modules Engagement This treatment plan suggests that many families usually experience problems with the introduction of treatment strategies because of the mistrust. This could be due to cultural barriers or lack of proper time keeping, which discourages the client to continue attending the sessions. This form of treatment is relevant to all families and clients starting the processes of healing. It entails evaluating the capability of the family and dealing with barriers that would interfere with the resolution of the problem. It forms a partnership with the affected family in order to resolve the problem from the family’s perspective (Margolin, Vickerman, 2007). In engaged families or organized families, the treatment plan takes a shorter period while it takes over a month for a disorganized family. For Geraldine’s family, it would take a shorter period since family member s are organized and highly concerned. Stabilization Stabilization is a treatment strategy that entails offering an extensive home-based and school-based treatment, with the main aim of reducing stress and eliminating elements of trauma. This form of treatment is appropriate for Geraldine since she faces a serious risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. The client faces behaviour regularity and environmental instability meaning that stability should be sought first before proceeding to the next level. The treatment plan is usually employed during the initial stages of curing process. However, it can be employed even when the treatment plan is ongoing in case a new crisis that threatens the plan emerges. Services Advocacy This form of treatment entails offering resources to the client, which could help in emotional regulation. This aims at stabilizing the social environment in which the client lives in. The treatment plan aims at finding solutions to the stressors that affect the behav iour of a client. It is usually utilized jointly with other plans, particularly the stabilizing and surviving plans. Core services offered to the client include schooling, fitness, social services, shelter, and migration. Psychopharmacology This treatment plan is applied to children whose traumatic conditions force them to engage in dangerous behaviours that could be harmful to other members of society. It may also include the services of the psychiatrist since the child might sometime be uncontrollable. The use of drugs to control the behaviour of children is usually employed during surviving and stabilizing phases, but is usually discontinued once the client is in a stable condition. Emotional Regulation This form of treatment module is the most important as far as recovery is concerned. It is an office based treatment plan, which assists the parent and the child in mastering strategies of emotional regulation. It is employed at the enduring phase of treatment, even though it migh t as well be employed in the earlier stages. The module is appropriate to children who are unwilling to talk about the traumatizing event. Cognitive processing This module is usually utilized in conjunction with the emotional regulation module. It is applied once the client accepts to discuss the problem without getting emotional. The child is given specific skills that would help him or her talk about the traumatizing event without being distracted (Kaplow, Saxe, Putnam, Pynoos, Lieberman, 2006). The treatment plan is only applicable when the client is in a stable condition emotionally. Meaning Making This module focuses on the future implying that the social worker encourages the family to move on and make some meaning from the traumatizing event. For instance, the family is encouraged to learn a lesson from the event and try as much as possible to prevent the occurrence of the event in the future. The role of the social worker in this plan is minimal since the family learns to l ive without the help of the caregiver. Summary of the Work with the Client An experience with Geraldine was very productive since she was cooperative and willing to share critical information with the social worker. However, the client needed some time to recover from the event before being subjected to the interview. The treatment plan to be developed had to focus on the experiences of the client since the traumatizing event affected her so much. Emotional regulation would be the first treatment plan to be utilized since the client was unable to share information regarding the event without shading tears. Even the grandmother and the godmother were affected too since they could not give any information without crying. Cognitive processing would be the second treatment since the family accepted the situation and was ready to move on. References Crenshaw, A. D. (2006). An interpersonal neurobiological-informed treatment model for childhood traumatic grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 54(1), 319-335. Kaplow, B. J., Saxe, N. G., Putnam, W. F., Pynoos, S. R., Lieberman, F. A. (2006). The long-term consequences of early childhood trauma: a case study and discussion. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 69(2), 362-375. Lehmann, P. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and child witness to mother assault: A summary and review. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(4), 275-306. Margolin, G., Vickerman, A. K. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 38(5), 620-628. Openshaw, L. (2008). Social work in schools: Principles and practice. New York: Guilford Press. Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(1), 161-170 Saxe, R. (2007). Theory of Mind. New York: Taylor Francis Group. Vickerman, A. K., Margolin, G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 38(1), 620-628. This case study on Psychological Trauma: Case Study and Treatment Planning was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Career Research Essay.

Career Research Essay. Thesis:Since the resent attacks on our country, the State Department has increased the need for Regional Security Officers at American Chanceries. As a young man, I enlisted into the Marine Corps to start my life, because I had nothing. From that time, I have encountered many people and opportunities that have directed me to the point that I am now. I have learned what I want to do with myself and that is to protect and lead what I can to make a difference. I want to protect democracy and our interest over seas so that our way of life will never be tampered with again.This next segment was researched to help me understand and pursue the path I have chosen. The paragraph will cover the different categories of requirements that have to be met. They cover everything from career development, duties, educational requirements, and salary with benefits.Badges of U.S. Diplomatic Security - Special Agent...Career Research.Since the resent attacks on our country, the State Department has in cr eased the need for Regional Security Officers at American Chanceries and Consulates. Diplomatic Security Special Agents (DSS) are specially trained Foreign Service security professionals; they are also sworn Federal law enforcement officers. Overseas, as a Regional Security Officer (RSO), they advise ambassadors on all security matters and manage a complex range of security programs designed to protect personnel, facilities, and information. In the U.S., Special Agents protect the Secretary of State and visiting foreign dignitaries, investigate passport and visa fraud, and conduct personnel security investigations.All Special Agents must complete approximately six months of initial training at the Diplomatic Security Training Center in the Washington, DC area and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Brunswick, Georgia. The training program develops and tests proficiency in job related subjects that includes criminal law, federal court procedures, and...

Death Thomas Nagel

Death Thomas Nagel In his essay on â€Å"Death†, Thomas Nagel analyzes the issue of death and how people think of it. He examines if people are afraid of it and why, as well as what specifically it is and what sort of condition it brings about.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Death† Thomas Nagel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, Nagel defines what death is and what characteristics he will be attributing to this state. He decides to look at death as becoming a state of non-existence without further immortal continuation of life, individual or soul. This point is extremely valid because many people believe that death brings about a darkness that is not followed by anything. Usually, these are people who do not believe in God and do not follow any religion, as all religions suppose continuation of life in another form. Thomas Nagel’s point is rather valid, as it looks at one possible condition. No o ne has been able to prove or show that there is some form of existence after death, so it would be logical and reasonable to examine all possible outcomes. Nagel goes on to say that death is not welcomed by most people, as it deprives an individual of all the enjoyable things in life but also of life itself. Even if all the bad things are considered, people still prefer to be alive than not. Thomas Nagel mentions that even if all the good and bad qualities of life are taken away and life is viewed as being neutral, people would still choose life. This is very true because people prefer life to anything else. No one is aware of what will follow and this lack of knowledge and uncontrollable imagination creates pictures that are both positive and negative. No matter how much a person tries to imagine Heaven or another beautiful world, the conscious mind still reminds about the chance for suffering or total darkness. Everyone has respect and feelings towards their personality and when t hey think that it will disappear they feel sad and sorry for themselves. A counterargument made by Nagel to this, is that before people are born there is also non-existence and total darkness but people are not afraid of that. This happens because a person is not able to have imagination and reasoning prior to being born and the darkness that was before they came to life they do not remember. In a way, it can be seen as a positive darkness because it leads to life and existence, whereas death will lead to absence of life and non-existence. Nagel compares this to create a perspective in people, â€Å"If death is a disadvantage, it is not easy to say when a man suffers it (Nagel, 3), hoping they realize that absence of feelings, imagination and ability to realize this absence is not evil or fearful.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another major point Nagel discusses is the h uman perception and understanding of what is good or bad in life. He gives an example of a person who has suffered brain damage and returned to a state of a 3 month old infant. The fact that the brain is unable to realize the loss of intellect means that the individual does not really suffer. Everyone else, his friends and relatives, suffer due to the fact that the person who existed before is no longer in existence. This makes pleasures and suffering very relational to personal circumstances and time. Nagel then leads into the argument about the quality of a feeling that a person will have if they compare the â€Å"negative† aspects of being deprived of life by death, to the time before birth and what was the future person deprived off. â€Å"I confess to being troubled by the above argument, on the ground that it is too sophisticated to explain the simple difference between our attitudes to prenatal and posthumous nonexistence† (Nagel, 8). The human inability to imag ine what it would be like to lack consciousness and a state where an individual is deprived of all â€Å"benefits† of life is what limits the possibility of answering to this paradox. The life a person experiences is defined and framed by what they feel and see. Someone who was born blind would not truly feel deprivation of sight, if all the conditions for their comfortable existence were created. They would not be able to compare what sort of stimuli and visual experiences they have lost, so the fact that other people have the ability to see, would not truly life determining. Thomas Nagel ends with a comparison between a person dying at a young and of old age. The deprivation of future possible experiences and life is what is most devastating. The fact that a person might go on living, thus receiving more positive and negative sensations, is a reality everyone strives towards. But then, the difference in perspective reencounters with a personal experience, in relation to an individual’s understanding of time, good and evil and existence. Nagel ends saying that: â€Å"if there is no limit to the amount of life that it would be good to have, then it may be that a bad end is in store for us all† (Nagel, 10). In a way, this contradicts his above reasoning that if there is no one to experience the loss of good life, then the absence of suffering and realization is not bad at all.

Globalization of South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization of South Africa - Essay Example In early days of 17th century, South Africa was sparsely populated. Major trade and commerce developed only after the first European settlement that took place in southern part of Africa in 1652. The objective was then to establish a supply base at the site currently known as Cape Town. South African history made major upheavals in the year 1867 when mines of diamonds were discovered near and around Kimberley and Cape Town. Economic activities got further intensified when worlds largest deposit of gold was discovered in the year 1886. South Africas first integration to global economy was seen through its exports of diamonds and gold. At the same time, the country imported variety of agricultural products. Mining industry continued to expand with increasing gold and diamond exports from the shore of South Africa. The wealth so generated was used to import consumer goods from Europe. This can be seen as South Africas first integration to global economy that continued until at least Wor ld War I (South Africa, 1996)) After 1920, the government started imposing tariffs to safeguard local manufacturers. By 1930s, most of the manufacturing activities came under the fold of state-owned enterprises keeping blacks outside the main economy. World War II saw new growth in manufacturing activities with the government increasing its control on industries. With the onset of great depression in 1930s, South Africa also suffered heavily due to economic down cycle. The government had already started its efforts in 1920s to consolidate state-owned enterprises with the objective to provide impetus to import-substitution industries. The Electricity Supply Commission (Eskom) and the South African Iron and Steel Corporation (Iscor) were founded in 1920s to spearhead domestic industries. The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) came into operation in 1940. The IDC became instrumental to promote other

Statistical Process Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical Process Control - Essay Example These factors are very frequent and can be statistically evaluated. These are determined by external variations, their causes are out of statistics control. Even though these factors are out of statistics control various test are used to determine their occurrence. Their occurrence is not frequent (Wise, 1998) 2) Tabulation of collected data; the data about the activity and the time is carefully tabulated. It is easy to read tabulated data in addition to the fact that the data can be grouped simplifying statistics calculations. 3) Calculation of the mean; this aids in determining the time to allocate to each activity; different activities will have different means. The time allocated for each activity can be based on the mean. To define the control limits it is necessary to evaluate the history of the process and also determine how wide the control limits will be set. To determine the limits, it is common to draw the normal distribution curve and attempt to normalize the curve. Probability density functions are used. References Wise, S. A. (1998). Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality

Suspense of the audience Essay Example for Free

Suspense of the audience Essay This biblical connection serves as a warning to the audience that Elizabeth is going to die! You can hear the rain dripping against the building and roof that gives this particular part an eerie effect, because it sounds like the drums used before an execution. We move onto the next scene. After you see the silhouette of the monster that tricks you to believe that you are looking at him from Elizabeths point of view almost immediately you see nothing but the hand cover Elizabeths mouth you see it being done with a birds eye view so you can tell exactly what has happened to her. We then go outside to the three men once again. Victor sees the balcony door open and shouts Elizabeth! in a frantic voice! Building up the sense of urgency. The music is reaching a crescendo in sympathy with the action on the screen. The final scene is also the most action-packed! There is a close-up of the Creature lying on top of a very scared and terrified Elizabeth, each staring at the other in silence this is a very quiet moment for the audience; it gives you your breath back from the outside! There is eerie music in the background to match with this eerie moment. The audience has time to contemplate what will happen next? Will the monster let her go or will she die? The close up reveals the monster looking admirably at Elizabeth and for a moment we believe she will escape. It still has the amber glow inside, but because this is a different situation the amber doesnt give out the romantic feel anymore, it gives out a chilling feel instead! The silence is broken when Elizabeth asks not be hurt. This is still a close up and you can hear Elizabeth breathing in fear and see the expression on her confused and bewildered face. The creature takes up a lot of the camera space in this shot; he wears black that is a sign that the evil is domineering over the good. Dont bother screaming, demands the creature in case they find him. He says it again to make himself clear. At this moment you feel sorry for Elizabeth, because you know she is going to die and you are part of her experience because the camera angle is a close-up and you feel her emotions. The Creature says, Your even lovelier than I had expected there is then a flash of lightening in the foreground it catches the eye of the creature, he is blinded and bewildered by it for a split second, he recovers and hears Victor shout Elizabeth from outside the room. He suddenly digs his hand into Elizabeths chest, the three men then burst in and all of a sudden the Creature catches the audience off-guard by ripping the heart out of Elizabeth in a matter of milliseconds and turning to Victor utters, I keep my promises. The three men start to shoot at the creature, but the creature throws the dead Elizabeth off the bed her hair catches fire which brings in more excitement for the viewers. The creature makes a dash for the balcony window and jumps out onto the ground. This is all mid-shot, and distances you from the action so that you can see the whole picture. The scene ends with the romantic feel it started off with, but this is a tragic romance as we are left to watch Victor cradling the dead Elizabeth in his arms after putting the fire out of the hair. My evaluation The director has used a wide range of skills to contribute to the success of this scene. He shifts the viewers through a range of emotions and expectations through his use of contrast, lighting and sound. The sense of suspense is heightened by the use of small short, contrasting scenes cut quickly between them. In my opinion, the director should try to and use the audiences four senses so that the audience feels even more part of the film, thus becoming more scared when something harrowing happens! I think a brilliant idea to back this up would to be adding smell and touch for example you can smell the flowers and candles burning in the love scene and you can feel the warmth and smooth fabric on the bed. I think that the director was very effective in the scene and made good use of what he could. He used lighting, sounds and images which all made the audience hooked into the scene. I in particular was glued to it, and was always thinking, What will happen next? It does seem like a mad rush but that is good in horror films, the quick feeling of adrenalin pumping through the body is the main objective of the director! Conclusion The scene that I studied was a very good example of a horror movie! There were all the ingredients that are needed to fulfil a good horror movie, such as the normal love scene turning into a horror scene. Contrast plays an important part in horror movies. For example, there was the contrast between the beauty of Elizabeth and the ugliness of the Creature and the beauty of the love scene which shows the creation of life through love and the contrast of the death about to befall her. The director uses very good techniques to keep the audience glued to the film. He let the audience know there was horror awaiting outside, but inside Elizabeth was completely unaware of what was about to befall her and the audience just want to let her know that she should get out of there, but we feel frustrated because we cant do anything about the information we have. The audiences emotions are therefore heightened and confused. I especially like the use of colours in the love scene and the contrast with the turmoil of the dark storm outside. I think that emphasises the mood of the whole scene the evil that lurks outside. I also like the flips between the inside and the outside, where you feel warm and secure inside and vulnerable and scared outside! The director is playing with the emotions of the audience. Overall, it is an effective scene I think it could even be an inspiration to other horror film directors because of the techniques that were used and the way they were used! By Matthew Kutner 10G Matthew Kutner 10G 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Veronica Decides To Die :: essays research papers

What is reality? Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary defines it as: something that exists independently of ideas concerning it; something that exists independently of all other things and from which all other things derive; something that constitutes a real or actual thing, as distinguished from something that is merely apparent. So, what defines reality? I mean can anyone, in all honesty, construct a concrete reproduction in which to turn and point proclaiming once and for all, â€Å"There, I give you reality in the flesh.† The answer simply is no. For as, the character, Dr. Igor stated â€Å". . . Other things, however, become fixed because more and more people believe that’s the way they should be (167).† Reality is nothing more than a socially accepted opinion – a perception inherently subjective. This very principle is the driving force behind Paulo Coelho’s introspective novel, Veronica Decides To Die. Veronica Decides to Die is an interesting story about a young woman called "Veronica" who wants to die but her suicide is not successful and she finds herself in "Villet", a place for the both the insane, as well as, the sane. Although she insists on pursuing the end she has chosen, some events, relationships, and her doctor's trick changes her view toward life. This novel is colored by the author's intimate knowledge of the world of mental hospitals, the relationships, and the comfort and anxiety of living in such a place. Coelho’s story of insanity and madness in contrast to the monotony of life provokes the feeling of self-discovery and the power of challenging all limitations and traditions. In this atmosphere created by Coelho, you learn that being different doesn't mean being mad and you understand that reality is something the majority deems to be, not necessary the best or the most logical one. It is in the vivid moments of Veronica Decides To Die that you can feel love and religious beliefs are the most important feelings one can have in one's life. You also recognize how one can stop one's feelings like fear, hatred and love and let them emerge in a way which makes one fresh without any "vitrol" (mind's bitterness), the poison believed to be the cause of insanity. Paulo Coelho first won my heart with his work entitled, The Alchemist, and with Veronica Decides To Die he secured a permanent place there. I must say that this particular novel was, at times, hard for me to read – not for any technical fault on Coelho’s part – because the story being told in many ways is my life.

College vs High School Essay

A major part in someone’s life is going away to college and can be a frightening time for some people. Some say that college and high school are very common; I have found them to be very different in many ways. I enjoy college more than I did high school. I have more control over my education in college. I noticed that freedom, the amount of work, and responsibilities have changed since I’ve been in college. The freedom of a high school student is unfortunately limited. The curfew of a high school student is usually set during the weekends. By law a child under the age of eighteen has to be in the house by midnight. For example, my mother would set me a curfew and if I did not obey it, I would be grounded and not be able to do anything for a couple of weeks. I believe a high school student does not have any freedom because they live with their parents’ and have to follow the guidelines that were made. A college student has a ton of freedom. Most college students do not live at home with their parents so they are able to do whatever they want, whenever they want. They have the choice to decide if they want to attend class that day or not. Unlike high school students, college students do not have classes for eight hours a day consecutively. They are able to decide what they are going to do with the rest of their time off for the day. The amount of work in high school was not as much as there is in college. For example, a high school student is tested bi-weekly. Therefore there are plenty of grades that make it easier to have a better grade in that class. I believe high school was easier and more lenient due to the fact the teachers were more personal with their students. For example if I needed help with a math assignment I could go to my teacher after school each day if I needed it. In college a student would go to their academic support center, email the teacher or ask a friend. In high school you were told what classes you had to take and only got to choose a couple classes that you wanted. In college you can choose to take any class you want as long as it doesn’t interfere with your prerequisites or the class is not full. Now that I have been able to choose the classes I have wanted I found that I am much more interested in them. In high school I would always dread going to that one math class or social studies class because the subject didn’t interest me. The hardest thing so far about college is trying to manage my time. Now that I have more freedom I also have more bills. Finding time to work, go to school, do homework/study, and trying to find time to hang out with friends has become more and more difficult in the past few months since I have started college. In high school you would go to school go home and do home work for a hour or two and leave the house for the rest of the night. If you ever needed money your parents would just hand it to you and now if you need money from your parents it can take a week to get to you. Although college has been a huge change to my life and I have had a couple rocky parts on the way I have found it to be an exciting new experience.

Making a Mega City in Bangladesh

â€Å"Making Mega City in Chittagong† We are owner of â€Å"Dream Properties Builders†. Our company mission is become number one company in properties business and vision is become a brand in Bangladesh. Our slogan is ‘We make your dream real’. Our main office in Chittagong at Jamal Khan road and in Dhaka at Rd11, Suhrawardy Ave, Baridhara. Our company taking a plan in Chittagong and this is making mega city. The project budget is one hundred and fifteen crore Taka and life is 10 year. In budget fifteen core taka for bank interest and one hundred core taka for other cost.Why we take this plan: In economists language Chittagong is heart of Bangladesh and recently our Government takes decision to expand Chittagong Port and make a deep sea port in Sonadia. After considering this we think in future Chittagong becomes an important place for people and business organization. In near future demand of apartments, shopping mall, commercial place etc will increase in Chittagong and this is profitable for us. Making a five star in partnership with Hotel Lords Inn. Selected location: For making mega city we take a project name DREAM CITY .This project take place in Cornel hut . For apartments we selected ? of the hole project . The mega city is about 500 acres .. For commercial building and hospital we selected the center space of the whole project. For shopping mall selected southwest corner of the perimeter. Fund Rising: In One Hundred and Fifteen Core Taka we and our partner finance seventy core taka and another thirty core Taka taking loan from Bank Asia at interest rate 5 percent. The bank interest we collect from our revenue. The cost: There are many type of cost.Here we listed some main cost like Land accruing:Tk 450000000 Material cost: Tk 300000000 Labor cost:Tk 90000000 Interest expense: Tk 150000000 Other expense:Tk 160000000 In material cost include cost of cement, iron, machine, stone, glass, aluminum etc and in other expense include office expense, transport expense, government tax etc. The revenue: Here are some revenues which we can earn We have 500 apartment project, where per apartment size is 1250 & the entire apartment sizes are 6250. per sq feet will sell 4000tk & we can earn 300000000tk.We also have 100 duplex home project, per duplex apartment will sell for 500000000tk &total earn would be 500000000tk. Shopping mall 35000 sq ft,per sq feet tk4000 & total amount would be tk140000000. Other revenue from other project 500000000tk. fixed earning come from commercial building , school , hospital, water supply . because our company we run this things in the dream city. Minimum fixed income is 50000000 per month. Promotion: to promote our mega city plan we will take help from the media. Commercial advertisement, newspaper, radio helps us to market our project to the hole country.

The Next Industrial Revolution

The Next Industrial Revolution The Next Industrial Revolution depicts the ideas of Michael Braungart and William McDonough in their attempts to transform the relationship between business and the environment or nature. The two have worked with the leading corporations such as Nike and Ford in redesigning their products, processes and buildings to meet the environmental needs. The two observe that a beneficial economic growth must conform to nature’s rule.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Next Industrial Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea is to present beneficial economic growth by taking care of nature. Therefore, The Next Industrial Revolution depicts economic scenarios that inspire business people to consider environmental matters seriously. Likewise, they must also realign their current institutions and businesses to conform to the rule of nature and reconsider the current business actions, consumers, and the public to enhance a new and a sustainable relationship with nature (Sarandon 2002). Authors of Green to Gold, Esty and Winston note â€Å"the economy and the environment deeply intertwine with each other† (Esty and Winston 11). This is the same idea the movie presents. The authors explore some of the paradigm shift in successful companies and how these companies are shifting their methods of conducting business and environmental relations. At the same time, they also highlight how organisations are focusing profit growth, and cost reduction, increasing market share with the environmental sustainability. Modern corporations face several challenges in relation to sustainability of the environment. Consequently, firms have begun to implement environmental changes in their value chains. These changes include customers demands for environmental friendly products, responses to depletion of resources, concerns for waste disposals, safeguarding of brand names, and reduce the cost associated with the environmental lawsuits. Modern organizations must meet the varied demand of their customers in order to keep their position in the marketplaces. This calls for responsibility not only for corporate firms, but also for end-users of their products. Organizations of today must adopt a strategy of sustainability to guide their success. As both Esty and Winston and the film depict, organizations must put their business and environment their top priorities. Thus, the top management of firms must formulate such policies for employees to adopt. Henry Ford clearly demonstrated this principle through his writings that â€Å"You must get the most out of the power, out of the material, and out of the time†. These principles created lean and clean operating procedures in Ford Motors. Top management must also resist any attempts to block changes that enhance environmental sustainability. A company’s stand on environmental conservation may damage its reputation among stakeh olders and possibly attract lawsuit from environmentalists. Therefore, Gold to Green and The Next Industrial Revolution encourage organizations to adopt sustainable strategies in their pursuit for business.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Next Industrial Revolution shows that organizations that have adopted environmental protection strategies are constantly redesigning their services and products, and supply chains to fit the needs of nature. Therefore, sustainability becomes a part of organizational culture, and promotional strategies meant to drive revenue growth. Organizations that have adopted nature demands as a part of their corporate culture have found new markets and increased their business revenue. In other words, environmental sustainability efforts have created new markets, and new consumers that constantly need environmental friendly products. Thes e firms also save resources in terms of efficiency, waste reduction, product design, risk reduction, and cut in expenses but ultimately increase their revenues and profit. Marketing conditions such as environmental policies, ever increasing costs of energy and raw material, growing global population and intensive use of limited resources influence the conditions of contemporary companies in production of goods and services. In addition, factors such as globalization, rapid developments in IT, products innovations and evolving market requirements control companies decisions on productions regarding environmental sustainability. Sustainable developments focus on how companies can meet the demands of today’s consumer without interfering with the future generations. The concept of green solutions emanates from the ecological changes and processes that have occurred in the economy and society. Sustainable economy requires innovative products and processes in value chains and netwo rks linked to the natural environment. Sustainable development follows the value chain from the product manufacturer to customer and proceeds up to the final stage of disposal of products and handling of materials in the processes of lifecycles. Decisions regarding the planning and design of products and processes form part of the integrated value chain in sustainable development. This implies that technical, economic and ecological perspectives must be incorporated into one approach. An organization, which ignores incorporating its green agenda in its marketing strategy, does not have the interests of its stakeholders. This is because by creating social and environmental values, sustainability marketing strives to create and increase consumers’ values. The idea of sustainability marketing focuses on consumers’ needs and wants. Companies try to develop sustainable products to provide solutions to modern customers through products value, prices, distributions, and promo tion to the target groups. Organizations must reconsider current actions of businesses, consumers, and the public to enhance a new, sustainable relationship with nature. This will create a situation whereby organizational prosperity will continue, and economic activities will increase. Sustainability or eco-efficiency aims at changing organizations from consuming and wasting trends witnessed in the past into a system that inculcate environmental concerns, consumers’ needs, and economic. Most organizations consider sustainability as the business strategy for change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Next Industrial Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental pundits have stressed the importance of sustainability for organizations that want to remain competitive, successful and sustainable. In fact, some analysts predict that it would be impossible for some organizations to conduct business if t hey do not respond to the rules of nature. Organizations must add value by consuming fewer resources, release low amount of wastes, and sustain the environment. Past trends indicate that sustainability is gaining recognition among industries. A number of organizations are increasingly committing themselves to sustaining the environment such as Walt Disney, UPS, and Johnson Johnson, among others. Most of these organizations adopt the using and recycling methods to sustain nature. This trend is also gaining acceptance in both homes and workplaces because it has both eco-friendly and economic advantages. Reduction in energy consumptions, resource use, pollution, and wastes will translate into economic benefits for the value chains. This sense of eco-efficiency and sustainability of the environment has reduced fearful concerns for the future. Organizations and the public admire sustainability as a well-intended idea. However, the challenge is that is sustainability a life-long strategy for a success. Therefore, organizations that focus primarily on the profits may have challenges in implementation of a sustainability agenda into their corporate cultures. We are relying on organizations that caused the problem to bring changes in environmental conservation. These industries will slowly and persistently continue depleting resources, and make environmental conservation efforts illusions. Esty, Daniel and Andrew Winston. Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, Build Competitive Advantage. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. Print. The Next Industrial Revolution. Dir. William McDonough and Michael Braungart. Perf. Susan Sarandon. Earthome Productions, 2002. Film.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Cool Science Fair Project Ideas List

Cool Science Fair Project Ideas List Some science fair projects are just more cool than others. Heres a look at some cool science fair project ideas as well as a collection of reader-submitted cool project ideas. Can What You Eat Change Your Eye Color? Some claims have been made that what you eat can ​​change your eye color. You can test this hypothesis yourself. Is ESP Real? Some people claim they can tell who is calling on the telephone before they pick up the phone (and without consulting caller ID). Can they really do it? State a hypothesis and conduct an experiment to test whether your subjects have this form of ESP. Sparking Vegetables Some frozen vegetables have been shown to produce sparks when cooked in the microwave. What types of vegetables produce these sparks? Is spark production dependent on the initial temperature of the vegetables? Does the cooking container play a role in sparking? There is a lot of exploration possible here. Can You Decompose a Disposable Diaper? It is estimated that it will take hundreds or possibly thousands of years for disposable diapers in landfills to decompose. Can you find a way to decompose them? How long does it take a cloth diaper to decompose? Could Your Home Use Wind or Solar Energy? How much wind or sun does it take to use a wind or solar power generation system? How does that compare with the average number of windy or sunny days where you live? Investigate what it would take to start generating and using your own power.

Energy Security in the Middle East Research Paper

Energy Security in the Middle East - Research Paper Example The research paper "Energy Security in the Middle East" discusses the energy security in the Middle East by focusing on various aspects such as energy security threats as well as global issues that are associated with energy security. Access to cheap energy has become significant in the functioning of modern economies. A significant vulnerability has emerged as a result of uneven distribution of energy supplies among various countries. Energy security is defined by international energy agency as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at a reasonable price. There are various aspects that have been associated with energy security. They include both short–term and long term energy security. Short-term energy security tends to focus on the ability of the system of energy to respond promptly to immediate changes in the supply-demand balance whereas the long term energy security deals with the timely investment targeting energy supply and in line with environmental needs a nd economic developments. There seems to be a consensus on the issue of energy security achieving a certain significance since the energy shocks that was witnessed in the 1970s when present asymmetries between energy consumers and geographical distribution resources had been consolidated by most countries especially in the Middle East that depends on petroleum. Since then energy security has been incorporated into debates of the international relations theories. The existing international relations theories have demonstrated various approaches.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing - Essay Example The principle of the disc diffusion method is that when a filter disc is impregnated with a chemical that is placed on the agar, the chemical in the agar diffuses around the disc. The solubility of the chemical and its molecular size determines the size of the area if chemical infiltration around the disc. When an organism is placed on the agar around the disc, if it is susceptible to the chemical then there would be no growth around the area where the chemical is diffused and this area is called as the "zone o the inhibition". This inhibition can be measured and compared with a standard control strain and normal tables, Stokes and Kirby-Bauer method respectively. The factors that affect in this method are the concentration of the bacterial inoculums, the depth and types of agar, the incubation conditions and the time of incubation. All this factors should be always taken into account while performing the test. An alternative test that can be performed is the determination of the amount of antibiotic required to either inhibit the growth of organism or to kill the organism which is done by incubating a fixed concentration of the organism in increasing concentrations of antibiotics and checking for growth after 24h of incubation. The as3. Methods. The assigned culture was swabbed onto the agar plate in three directions for maximal coverage. The plates were allowed to settle for 10 mins, followed by impregnating the antibiotic discs by pushing the dispenser over the agar. The antibiotic and the disc code were noted and the plates were kept in incubator at 37C. 4. Results. The results obtained from Test 1 and Test 2 are displayed in Table 1 and 2 respectively. RESULTS: TEST 1 RESULTS: TEST 2 5. Discussion: Antibiotic susceptibility of given strain was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc diffusion method is widely used across the laboratory to determine the effect of any anti- microbial agents like antiseptics, antibiotics, bactericidal or bacteriostatic compound etc. To avoid any lab to lab variation standardized protocol was developed that was recommended by National Committee for Clinical laboratory standards like Meuller-Hilton Agar is used as growth medium; plates will be incubated at 37C for 18-24 hr, while turbidity of bacterial suspension will be set at 0.5 McFarland method or 1.0 OD by spectrophotometer. The biggest advantages of disc diffusion method over other methods are that it is rapid, efficient, cost effective and reliable. While there are certain limitation of this methods like any variation in cell number, incubation time, diffusibility of antibacterial compound, media etc, which leads to very high variation in final results. Similarly, it gives only quantitative idea and determination of bactericidal concentration or MIC need to be back calculated. For pathological determination serum to antibiotic ratio must be taken in to consideration to evaluate effective dose. In this practical, we evaluated three cultures for its Antibiotics susceptibility against various antibiotics. Among these Pseudomonas

Dominos Pizza UK & IRL plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dominos Pizza UK & IRL plc - Case Study Example The company focuses on selling only one product - pizza - and throughout the year, as it has been doing in the UK and Ireland in the last 20 years, minor improvements are made to get the product to the customer in the shortest possible time. In 2006, the company launched an 'out-the-door' campaign that cut the time from order taking to the start of the delivery down to 15 minutes. Thus, by combining the quality of the product with speed of service, Domino's was bale to increase its repeat orders, which is a key driver of like-for-like sales increases that, at least in theory, could last forever. The profit margin went up by 10% on the basis of several possible factors like better marketing, improved economic conditions in the UK and Ireland where the economy is growing each year by 3-4% (Heritage, 2007, p. 381). The margins for the Group most likely reflect the profits earned from selling to franchisees the ingredients used for making pizzas and from the franchise fees paid by those who opened new stores during the year. Offhand, 13-15% margins are rather small for a food operation, where profit margins are in the range of 20-30% as shown by the margins of McDonald's (2007, p. 20) in the last eleven years, which means that Domino's gets most of its profit margins from franchise fees and not from sales of ingredients or pizzas through its own stores. The asset turnover was calculated using the sales figure of  £94.965 million and the total capital employed of  £18.265 million which is the total assets less the current liabilities as clearly stated in the balance sheet (p. 30). This means that every  £1 invested in the company’s assets returned sales of  £5.19 or over five times the total capital employed in the business. ... The profit margin went up by 10% on the basis of several possible factors like better marketing, improved economic conditions in the UK and Ireland where the economy is growing each year by 3-4% (Heritage, 2007, p. 381). The margins for the Group most likely reflect the profits earned from selling to franchisees the ingredients used for making pizzas and from the franchise fees paid by those who opened new stores during the year. Offhand, 13-15% margins are rather small for a food operation, where profit margins are in the range of 20-30% as shown by the margins of McDonald's (2007, p. 20) in the last eleven years, which means that Domino's gets most of its profit margins from franchise fees and not from sales of ingredients or pizzas through its own stores. As the Domino's report also shows (p. 27), the company spends 14 million on administrative expenses and 8 million for distribution. Asset Turnover = 5.19 times (3.61 times in 2005) The asset turnover was calculated using the sales figure of 94.965 million and the total capital employed of 18.265 million which is the total assets less the current liabilities as clearly stated in the balance sheet (p. 30). This means that every 1 invested in the company's assets returned sales of 5.19 or over five times the total capital employed in the business. This figure is high, and it has increased quite substantially since the previous year. This figure shows that the company generates revenues with a small amount of assets. This is quite expected given that the main business of the Group is to distribute franchises, carry out quality control processes, and plan the marketing of a product portfolio that is focused on pizzas. The increase from 2005 to 2006 is also interesting, a

The Earth Hour Script Essay Example for Free

The Earth Hour Script Essay Host1: Our country has been through a lot of problems both economically and environmentally. And sadly there hasn’t been any progress. Problems before are still problems today and what’s worse is that it just keeps on piling up. Host2: As citizens of this country, what can we do? How do we contribute? Is there still hope? Is change still possible? Good day everyone and you’re watching, Both: The Earth Hour. Host1: Today we would be discussing three environmental issues. First, the improper waste disposal; second, pollution; and third is climate change. Host2: And we will be having guests and professionals. They will explain the causes and as well as the effects these problems may bring. All of these when The Earth Hour returns. Host1: And we’re back. One major problem that all of us, I’m sure, is well aware of is improper waste disposal. And right here, we’ve got Mr. Joseph  San Juan, a professor of Environmental Psychology in UP Diliman and Ms. Therez Subebe, an environmentalist. Good day, sir and ma’am! Both: Good day! Host2: Let’s start this straight, Mr. San Juan, what exactly is improper waste disposal? Joseph: Improper waste disposal is the failure of managing and monitoring of waste materials such as plastics and even biodegradable wastes like left-overs. Host1: How did this problem start in our country? Joseph: The alarming increase of improper disposal of solid and hazardous waste in our country is due to a number of reasons such as: increasing population, by this, we are consuming, we produce wastes, I mean, it is already given that when we were born we were bound to contribute waste. It’s unavoidable. That’s the sad fact. Other reasons are lack of integrated solid waste management system, lack of environmentally sound disposal system and lack of toxic waste treatment facilities. There is also the lack of public awareness support. People today just throw candy wrappers, tin cans and plastic bottles on the streets. They toss still usable plastic bags anywhere not even realizing how much it contributes to our already enormous problem on Waste Disposal. They continue to improperly dispose garbage because they are not educated about what might be the effects of their wrong doing. Host2: Given that it is getting worse what are the effects of this problem to the people, Ms. Subebe? Therez: Well, obviously, there are no positive effects. Its effects are purely negative. The spread of infectious diseases due to improperly dumped chemical wastes from factories, soil contamination, and floods due to garbage-clogged drainage are only some of the many serious effects of  improper Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal. Host1: Oh my, I really didn’t know that it is so bad. Anyway, we have a question from an audience. Okay, what’s your name? Lari: Hi, I’m Lari. It is obvious that we should act regarding this issue, so what steps must be taken? Are there any laws and regulations for it? What programs must be launched? Joseph: uhhhhm, thank you for that, our country has had laws about proper waste management. There is this law REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 which is â€Å"AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES†, only that this was not implemented well. Certain programs have been launched as well and two of the famous program are the triple R (reduce, reuse and recycle) and proper waste disposal. Host2: Do you mind telling our viewers how these programs work? Therez: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle is a program introduced in response to the increasing tons of wastes in our country. Reducing is simply to decrease the amount of plastics we use every day. Reusing, from the world itself, is using again trash that are still usable like plastic and paper bags and Recycle is the processing and upgrading of junk into something more for human use. Another program is Proper waste disposal which minimizes the spread of infectious diseases brought by hazardous odors of chemical wastes. In line with this program is Segregation where you separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable garbage. Another is composting which is the process where biodegradable wastes such as leaves, saw dust, peel of the fruits/vegetables, are placed in a tank or a hole. It lessens the possibility of contamination not only in air, land, but as well as in ground water. Host1: Thank you very much. Uhm, Lari, were you satisfied with their answers? Lari: Yes. They’ve answered it beautifully. Thank you. Host2: Thank you as well Lari. And thank you to our guests for lending us their precious time. Both: You’re welcome. Host1: We still got lots of issues to talk about when The Earth Hour returns. Host2: And you’re still watching The Earth Hour. And for our second issue for the day, air pollution, we are with Ms. Fenee Monicado, a LIFE ambassadress and Ms. Athena Aungon, a pulmonologist, to talk about it. Good day Ms. Fenee and Ms. Athena. Both: Hello. Host1: Well, Ms. Fenee, you’re a LIFE ambassadress, would you tell us what LIFE stands for? What does your organization aim for? Fenee: LIFE or the Lasallian Institute for the Environment, as part of the Lasallian Family, aims to provide environmental education and awareness not only to the Lasallian community but non-Lasallians as well. We aim to help them not only to love and appreciate the environment, but also to understand and take care of it as well. LIFE strives to provide education with values formation. The organization envisions a society of people who not only love their environment but understand and respect it as well. Host2: Wow! Being a Lasallian is surely something to be proud of, right? Well, what does the organization have to say about pollution? Fenee: You see, we have our programs launched. One is, 1 Million Trees Beyond, serves to provide a venue for more pro-active responses to environmental issues through tree-planting activities and reforestation programs that promote the propagation and caring for indigenous species. The goal is to plant and nurture one million trees by the year 2011. Another is Project Carbon Neutral which means removing as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as we put in. Both these programs are solutions for pollution particularly pollution in the air. Host1: Speaking of air pollution, what causes it? Fenee: Air pollution occurs when any chemicals or biological matter that can harm humans or other living things is introduced into the atmosphere. It is a problem that persists despite the passage of laws and the creation of agencies to fight it. Air pollution continues to cause negative effects on both people and the environment. Host2: Somebody from the audience wanted to ask something. Hi there, what’s your name? Karl: Hello, I’m Karl and I just wanted to ask what might be the effects of air pollution to our body and to our country? Athena: To our body it would be respiratory damage just like the lungs, most of the respiratory system is made up of exposed membrane, which makes it sensitive to pollutants, and alveoliair sacsin the lungs can be permanently damaged by toxins in the air. Some conditions that can be traced to, or made considerably worse by, breathing polluted air are colds, coughs, asthma, lung infections and lung cancer. There is also the smog. Though smog is sometimes described as a combination of smoke and fog, it is actually a mixture of pollutants and ground-level ozone. The pollutants that help make smog come mostly from vehicle emissions, factories, power plants and consumer products like paint and solvents. Smog can cause problems such as respiratory ailments, reduced visibility, and damage to vegetation, colds, and eye irritation. Fenee: Air pollution has effects also in our crops and property. Acid rain is rain that contains much higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. Some of this comes from natural sources, such as decaying vegetation  and volcanoes, but most of it comes from emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from the burning of fossil fuels. The effects of acid rain on the physical environment are drastic. Acid rain damages trees at high elevations, and erodes paints and building materials. Acid rain also eats away automobile coatings, weakens trees by limiting their nutrients, and results in high levels of aluminuma substance that is toxic to aquatic lifein lakes and streams. And besides health and environmental effects, air pollution can also adversely affect the economy. With rising health problems among the population, health care costs rise. With air pollution causing illnesses among people in the workforce, time and productivity are lost. Areas of the world with high air pollution, such as the Philippines, also often report a drop in tourism and a loss of foreign investments. Host1: karl, what can you say? Karl: Now I know how harmful air pollution can be. Thank you for explaining. Host2: Very well, we’re really thankful that you’ve come to our show. Thank you. Both: â€Å"You’re welcome† â€Å"No worries† Host2: The last issue when we come back here on The Earth Hour. Host1: And we’re back here on The Earth Hour. Climate change has been the biggest issue prior to Global Warming. And talk more about this; we have Ms. Jaylen Saluria, a climatologist and Ms. Febe Ray Antolo, a meteorologist. Welcome to The Earth Hour. Jaylen: It’s good to be here. Febe: It’s my pleasure. Host2: So, climate change, what exactly is it? Jaylen: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth. Host2: How about our condition here in the Philippines? Are we affected? Jaylen: Sad to say but we are affected, we are all affected, you see, it is a global phenomenon. It is evident on the abnormal change in weather. Hot days and hot nights have become more frequent. Extreme weather events have also occurred more frequently since 1980. These include deadly and damaging typhoons, floods, landslides, severe El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a events, drought, and forest fires. Adversely affected sectors include agriculture, fresh water, coastal and marine resources and health. Climate change, if left unchecked, will also affect biodiversity and ultimately the earths natural systems and processes. Host1: Can you give us updates on how our country is doing regarding climate change? Febe: The Philippines has experienced temperature spikes brought about by climate change. It has been observed that warming is experienced most in the northern and southern regions of the country, while Metro Manila has warmed less than most parts. In addition, the regions that have warmed the most (northern Luzon, Mindanao) have also dried the most. Largest precipitation trends are about 10 percent during the 20th century. Host2: And uhhmmm, we have Jesse here, an audience, she has something to ask. Go on, Jesse. Jesse: Hi, I’m just curious, is there anything we can do to eliminate climate change? I mean, to stop it. Jaylen: Well, it might hurt everybody but there is nothing we can do to stop  it. But what we can do is to leave it as it is, if not, slow it down and not add up to it. You know what I mean? Jesse: I think so. That’s very unlucky though. So, what must we do? Febe: Ultimately it is up to each of us, as individuals and families, to take action to slow down and eventually reverse global warming and climate change through everyday awareness of our energy use, and attention to ways we can conserve electricity and minimize fossil fuel usage. Jesse: I’ll do that then. Thank you for answering. Host1: Thank you Jesse and a big thank you as well to our special guests, Ms. Jaylen and Ms. Febe. Both: â€Å"You’re welcome† â€Å"Anytime† Host2: And that’s it our dear viewers. Surely, you have learned a lot. We now know what to do in order to contribute to the change of our country. Everything starts within each of us. Host1: Thank you for watching until next time and this has been, Both: â€Å"The Earth Hour†